Preliminary design and evaluation of an RT-PCR assay for detecting Reptarenavirus in snakes (subfamily Boinae and families Pythonidae and Colubridae) from the Reserva Natural Bioparque Wakatá, Colombia
Diseño y evaluación preliminar de una prueba de RT-PCR para la detección de Reptarenavirus en serpientes (subfamilia Boinae y familias Pythonidae y Colubridae) de la Reserva Natural Bioparque Wakatá, Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v72n2.119247Keywords:
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Snakes, Reptarenavirus, Wild animals (en)Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa inversa, Serpientes, Reptarenavirus, Animales silvestres (es)
Downloads
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a viral infection of snakes caused by Reptarenavirus, characterized primarily by neurological signs, although it can also be subclinical. This study preliminarily designed and evaluated an RT-PCR assay to detect the virus in snakes from the Wakatá Biopark (Colombia), using two sets of primers and without a positive control. Although the results were negative and the assay proved unviable for routine use, the study generated valuable information as a basis for future projects addressing this problem and provided recommendations for the differential diagnosis of the disease.
La enfermedad de cuerpos de inclusión (ECI) es una afección viral de serpientes causada por Reptarenavirus, con signos clínicos principalmente neurológicos, aunque puede ser subclínica. Este estudio diseñó y evaluó, de forma preliminar, una prueba RT-PCR en un intento de detectar el virus en serpientes del Bioparque Wakatá (Colombia), utilizando dos sets de primers y sin un control positivo. Aunque los resultados fueron negativos y la prueba no mostró ser viable para uso rutinario, se generó información valiosa como base para futuros proyectos acerca de este problema y se hacen recomendaciones acerca del diagnóstico diferencial de la enfermedad.
References
Alfaro-Alarcón, A., Hetzel, U., Smura, T., Baggio, F., Morales, J. A., Kipar, A., & Hepojoki, J. (2022). Boid inclusion body disease is also a disease of wild boa constrictors. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01705-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01705-22
Argenta, F. F., Hepojoki, J., Smura, T., Szirovicza, L., Hammerschmitt, M. E., Driemeier, D., Kipar, A., & Hetzel, U. (2020). Identification of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a novel chuvirus in captive native Brazilian boa constrictors with boid inclusion body disease. Journal of Virology, 94(11). https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00001-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00001-20
Baggio, F., Hetzel, U., Prähauser, B., Dervas, E., Michalopoulou, E., Thiele, T., Kipar, A., & Hepojoki, J. (2023). A multiplex RT-PCR method for the detection of Reptarenavirus infection. Viruses, 15(12), 2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122313
Chang, L., Fu, A., Wozniak, E., Chow, M., Duke, D. G., Green, L., Kelley, K., Hernandez, J. A., & Jacobson, E. R. (2013). Immunohistochemical detection of a unique protein within cells of snakes having inclusion body disease, a world-wide disease seen in members of the families Boidae and Pythonidae. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e82916. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082916
Chang, L., & Jacobson, E. R. (2010). Inclusion body disease, a worldwide infectious disease of boid snakes: A review. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 19(3), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.07.014
Collatz, M., Braun, S. D., Monecke, S., & Ehricht, R. (2022). ConsensusPrime—A bioinformatic pipeline for ideal consensus primer design. Biomedinformatics, 2(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedinformatics2040041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedinformatics2040041
De la Torre, J. (2020). Family: Arenaviridae ICTV.https://ictv.global/report/chapter/arenaviridae/arenaviridae
Dervas, E. (2024). Boid inclusion body disease and immunosuppression – Another hen-egg question? [Doctoral dissertation, University of Zurich]. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/260866/1/260866.pdf
Divers, S. J., & Stahl, S. J. (2019). Mader’s reptile and amphibian medicine and surgery. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01635-6
Hetzel, U., Korzyukov, Y., Keller, S., Szirovicza, L., Pesch, T., Vapalahti, O., Kipar, A., & Hepojoki, J. (2021). Experimental reptarenavirus infection of Boa constrictor and Python regius. Journal of Virology, 95(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01968-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01968-20
Hetzel, U., Sironen, T., Laurinmäki, P., Liljeroos, L., Patjas, A., Henttonen, H., Vaheri, A., Artelt, A., Kipar, A., Butcher, S. J., Vapalahti, O., & Hepojoki, J. (2013). Isolation, identification, and characterization of novel arenaviruses, the etiological agents of boid inclusion body disease. Journal of Virology, 87(20), 10918–10935. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01123-13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01123-13
Hyndman, T., Marschang, R., Bruce, M., Clark, P., & Vitali, S. (2019). Reptarenaviruses in apparently healthy snakes in an Australian zoological collection. Australian Veterinary Journal, 97(4), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12792
Ihász, K., Marton, S., Fehér, E., Bányai, K., & Farkas, S. L. (2022). Genetic characterization of a novel reptarenavirus detected in a dead pet red-tailed boa (Boa constrictor). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. https://doi.org/10.1556/004.2022.00001
Lintala, A., Szirovicza, L., Kipar, A., Hetzel, U., & Hepojoki, J. (2022a). Persistent reptarenavirus and hartmanivirus infection in cultured boid cells. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01585-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01585-22
Lintala, A., Szirovicza, L., Kipar, A., Hetzel, U., & Hepojoki, J. (2022b). Reptarenavirus co- and superinfection in cell culture sheds light on the S and L segment accumulation in captive snakes. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.17.512335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.17.512335
Marschang, R. E. (2014). Clinical virology. In Current therapy in reptile medicine and surgery (1st ed., pp. 32–52). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-0893-2.00005-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-0893-2.00005-3
Mendoza-Roldan, J. A., Napoli, E., Perles, L., Marino, M., Spadola, F., Berny, P., España, B., Brianti, E., Beugnet, F., & Otranto, D. (2023). Afoxolaner (NexGard®) in pet snakes for the treatment and control of Ophionyssus natricis (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae). Parasites & Vectors, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05611-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05611-1
Moreira, A. (2010). Estudio anátomo-histopatológico de la enfermedad de cuerpos de inclusión de los boidos (BIBD) remitidos al laboratorio de patología de la Universidad Nacional en un periodo de 1989 al 2009 [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica]. https://repositorio.una.ac.cr/handle/11056/12963
O’Rourke, D. P., & Lertpiriyapong, K. (2015). Biology and diseases of reptiles. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 967–1013). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00019-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00019-5
Ossiboff, R. J. (2018). Serpentes. In Pathology of wildlife and zoo animals (1st ed., pp. 897–919). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00037-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805306-5.00037-7
Radoshitzky, S., Buchmeier, M., Charrel, R., Gonzalez, J., Günther, S., Hepojoki, J., Kuhn, J., Lukashevich, I., Romanowski, V., Salvato, M., Sironi, M., Stenglein, M., & De la Torre, J. C. (2023). ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Arenaviridae 2023. Journal of General Virology, 104(9). https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001891
Simard, J., Marschang, R. E., Leineweber, C., & Hellebuyck, T. (2020). Prevalence of inclusion body disease and associated comorbidity in captive collections of boid and pythonid snakes in Belgium. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0229667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229667 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229667
Stenglein, M. D., Jacobson, E. R., Chang, L., Sanders, C., Hawkins, M. G., Guzman, D. S., Drazenovich, T., Dunker, F., Kamaka, E. K., Fisher, D., Reavill, D. R., Meola, L. F., Levens, G., & DeRisi, J. L. (2015). Widespread recombination, reassortment, and transmission of unbalanced compound viral genotypes in natural arenavirus infections. PLoS Pathogens, 11(5), e1004900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004900
Thiele, T., Baggio, F., Prähauser, B., Subira, A. R., Michalopoulou, E., Kipar, A., Hetzel, U., & Hepojoki, J. (2023). Reptarenavirus S segment RNA levels correlate with the presence of inclusion bodies and the number of L segments in snakes with reptarenavirus infection Lessons learned from a large breeding colony. Microbiology Spectrum, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.05065-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.05065-22
How to Cite
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Download Citation
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Agudelo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
The authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of first publication.
Readers are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the license terms, provided proper attribution is given, the work is not used for commercial purposes, and no modifications or derivatives are made.



