Revisión narrativa: presencia de contaminantes en productos de la abeja Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811)
Narrative review: presence of contaminants in products of the bee Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v73n1.124519Keywords:
Miel, contaminante, melipona (es)honey, contaminants, melipona (en)
Melipona (pt)
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Tetragonisca angustula, conocida en Colombia como “angelita”, produce la “miel de pote”, que se diferencia de la miel de A. melífera por su sabor y aroma distintivos, una textura más fluida y una cristalización más lenta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar los contaminantes reportados en los productos de la abeja T. angustula y revisar los avances normativos para las especies nativas. Se realizó una revisión de literatura narrativa de estudios publicados en revistas indexadas en siete bases de datos (Pubmed, Lilacs, Redalyc, Scopus, Google scholar, Science direct y Scielo), repositorios de universidades y agencias sanitarias. De acuerdo con la revisión, las abejas pueden ser contaminadas con metales como el Cu, Zn y Hg; así como los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAP) y residuos de plaguicidas. La formación de 5- Hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) también se puede desarrollar, en mayor medida, en la miel de A. melífera por efecto del tratamiento térmico. Por otra parte, a nivel reglamentario, la falta de parámetros de calidad específicos para los productos de abejas sin aguijón dificultan su comercialización. En conclusión, la presencia de metales, HAP y plaguicidas no se encuentra relacionada con el tipo de abejas y su comportamiento, sino con el medio ambiente donde ellas se encuentran; es importante la determinación de estos peligros para evaluar el riesgo para la salud del consumidor, así como, desarrollar estándares por género, estableciendo los parámetros fisicoquímicos de los productos apícolas de las abejas nativas como T. angustula.
Tetragonisca angustula, known in Colombia as “angelita,” produces a type of honey known as “pot honey,” which differs from that of Apis mellifera in its distinctive flavor and aroma, more fluid texture, and slower crystallization. The aim of this study was to document contaminants reported in products derived from T. angustula and to review regulatory advances concerning native bee species. A narrative literature review was conducted using studies published in indexed journals across seven databases (PubMed, LILACS, Redalyc, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SciELO), as well as university repositories and health agency reports. According to the literature, bee products may be contaminated with metals such as Cu, Zn, and Hg, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticide residues. The formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) may also occur to a greater extent in A. mellifera honey, primarily as a result of thermal processing. From a regulatory perspective, the lack of specific quality standards for stingless bee products poses a challenge for their commercialization. In conclusion, the presence of metals, PAHs, and pesticides is not associated with bee species or behavior, but rather with environmental conditions. Therefore, the determination of these hazards is essential for assessing potential risks to consumer health, as well as supporting the development of genus-specific standards by establishing physicochemical parameters for apicultural products derived from native bees such as T. angustula.
Introdução: Tetragonisca angustula, conhecida na Colômbia como “angelita”, produz o “miel de pote”, se diferencia do mel de A. melífera, por seu sabor e aroma distintivos, uma textura mais fluida e uma cristalização mais lenta (Alves et al. 2005), (Biluca et al. 2014). O objetivo deste trabalho foi documentar os perigos químicos relatados nos produtos da abelha T. angustula. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura de estudos publicados em revistas indexadas em seis bases de dados (Pubmed, Redalyc, Scopus, Google scholar, Science direct e Scielo), selecionando-se novos artigos que atendessem aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Quando as abelhas visitam as flores, podem ser contaminadas com metais (Instituto Nacional de Salud 2018), (Lambert et al. 2012), presentes na água, absorvidos pelas plantas e transportados pelo ar como o Cd, Pb, Cu, ZN e Hg; assim como resíduos de plaguicidas e os Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAP) (Marcolin et al. 2023) eliminados do meio ambiente por atividades antropogênicas; por outro lado, a formação de 5- Hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) (Biluca et al. 2014) também pode se desenvolver no mel pelo efeito do tratamento térmico principalmente. Conclusões: A presença de metais, PAHs e pesticidas pode estar relacionada às condições geográficas e botânicas da região ou a ações antropogênicas, mas não ao tipo de abelhas e seu comportamento, considerando que as abelhas, independentemente da espécie, percorrem grandes áreas espaciais; se houver possíveis contaminantes, as abelhas podem transportá-los, aumentando seu teor no mel.
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