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Efecto de diferentes dosis de nitrógeno sobre la calidad nutricional y funcional de semillas de Chenopodium quinoa
Effect of different doses of nitrogen on the nutritional and functional quality of Chenopodium quinoa seeds
Palabras clave:
Alimentos funcionales, Fenilpropanoides, HPLC-DAD, Metabolitos secundarios (es)Functional foods, HPLC-DAD, Phenylpropanoids, Secondary metabolites (en)
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La fertilización nitrogenada influye directamente en la composición nutricional y funcional de la quinoa. Sin embargo, aún se desconoce cómo distintas dosis de nitrógeno modifican simultáneamente estos atributos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la dosis de fertilización de nitrógeno (N) sobre la calidad nutricional y funcional en dos variedades de semilla de quinoa. Se realizó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con seis tratamientos, estos se definieron en función de la interacción de la variedad (Amarilla y Marangani) y la dosis de fertilización (60, 120 y 180 kg N ha-1). Los resultados muestran que la aplicación de dosis más altas de nitrógeno incrementa significativamente el contenido de proteína (15,20 g 100 g-1), grasa (5,67 g 100 g-1), carbohidratos (66,37 g 100 g-1) y fibra cruda (1,51 g100 g-1), independientemente de la variedad, mejorando el aporte nutricional de las semillas. Sin embargo, la calidad funcional antioxidante determinada por la concentración de fenoles totales y flavonoides disminuye con dosis elevadas de nitrógeno. El perfil polifenólico más representativo en las semillas de quinoa fueron el ácido gálico, ácido p-cumárico, catequina y morina. Estos resultados demuestran que el ajuste en la dosis de nitrógeno en el cultivo permitirá modular el aporte nutricional y/o calidad funcional de la quinoa, según los requerimientos alimentarios o industriales deseados.
Nitrogen fertilization directly influences the nutritional and functional composition of quinoa. However, it remains unclear how different nitrogen doses simultaneously modify these attributes. In this study, the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate on the nutritional quality and functional properties of seeds from two quinoa varieties was evaluated. A randomized block experimental design with six treatments was implemented, these were defined by the interaction between the variety (Amarilla and Marangani) and the fertilization dose (60, 120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹). The results show that higher nitrogen doses significantly increased protein (15.20 g 100 g⁻¹), fat (5.67 g 100 g⁻¹), carbohydrates (66.37 g 100 g⁻¹), and crude fiber (1.51 g 100 g⁻¹) contents, regardless of the variety, thereby enhancing the nutritional contribution of the seeds. However, the functional antioxidant quality, determined by total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations and through in vitro assays, decreased under elevated nitrogen doses. The most representative polyphenolic compounds in quinoa seeds were the gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, and morin. These results demonstrate that adjusting nitrogen fertilization rates allows modulation of the nutritional value and/or functional quality of quinoa seeds according to specific dietary or industrial requirements.
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