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Unveiling the genetic identity of Duttaphrynus stuarti (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from North-East India
Revelando la identidad genética de Duttaphrynus stuarti (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) del noreste de la India
Palabras clave:
Nagaland, Zunheboto, Phek, genetic diversity, bufonids (en)Descargas
The toad Duttaphrynus stuarti has been reported sporadically across parts of South and South-East Asia, yet molecular confirmation from India has remained lacking. During a faunistic survey conducted in Nagaland in August 2024, two specimens, tentatively identified as D. stuarti, were collected from Zunheboto and Phek districts. To confirm their identity, mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences were generated and analysed. Phylogenetic reconstruction recovered the Nagaland specimens within the D. stuarti clade, forming a sister lineage to Duttaphrynus chandai with a genetic divergence of 6.1 %. This represents the first genetic confirmation along with molecular data of D. stuarti from Nagaland. Intraspecific genetic divergence among populations from India, Myanmar and China ranged between 0.9–1.1 %, supporting the wide distribution of the species. Morphological examination of the collected specimens broadly agrees with earlier descriptions, though minor variations were observed in tympanum visibility, tibio-tarsal articulation and metatarsal tubercles. Given the biogeographical continuity of Nagaland with adjoining regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Myanmar, the presence of D. stuarti in the state is consistent with regional distribution patterns.
El sapo Duttaphrynus stuarti ha sido reportado de manera esporádica en diversas regiones del sur y sudeste de Asia; sin embargo, la confirmación molecular en varias áreas del noreste de la India ha sido limitada. Durante un estudio faunístico realizado en Nagaland en agosto de 2024, se recolectaron dos ejemplares identificados tentativamente como D. stuarti en los distritos de Zunheboto y Phek. Para confirmar su identidad, se generaron y analizaron secuencias del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA. La reconstrucción filogenética ubicó a los ejemplares de Nagaland dentro del clado de D. stuarti, formando una línea hermana de Duttaphrynus chandai con una divergencia genética del 6,1 %. Esto representa la primera confirmación genética de D. stuarti para Nagaland y aporta los primeros datos moleculares de la especie desde la India. La divergencia genética intraespecífica entre poblaciones de India, Myanmar y China osciló entre 0,9–1,1 %, lo que respalda la amplia distribución de la especie. El examen morfológico de los ejemplares recolectados coincide en términos generales con descripciones previas, aunque se observaron variaciones menores en la visibilidad del tímpano, la articulación tibio-tarsal y las proporciones de los tubérculos metatarsales. Dada la continuidad biogeográfica de Nagaland con regiones adyacentes de Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur y Myanmar, la presencia de D. stuarti en el estado resulta consistente con los patrones de distribución regionales.
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