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Energía y alas en la Guajira Colombiana: hacia una planificación eólica alineada con la migración de las aves
Energy and wings in the Colombian Guajira: integrating bird migration into wind power planning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v31n1.123219Palabras clave:
Colisiones, Fenología migratoria, Parques eólicos, Transición energética (es)Collisions, Energy transition, Migratory phenology, Wind farms (en)
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La expansión de la energía eólica en La Guajira, principal región de desarrollo eólico en Colombia, coincide con un corredor de migración de aves que concentra más de 150 especies. Sin embargo, la información local sobre todos los aspectos de su ecología migratoria, como la fenología, es limitada, lo que restringe la evaluación de riesgos de colisión. Entre 2016 y 2018 registramos aves migratorias mediante censos estandarizados y capturas al suroeste de La Guajira durante la migración pos-reproductiva. En total, registramos 19.697 indivuduos pertenecientes a 39 especies, con una alta concentración de especies de interés para la conservación como Spiza americana, Dolichonyx oryzivorus y Setophaga striata. El análisis reveló dos periodos de mayor abundancia: uno de alta intensidad en octubre y otro moderado-alto en septiembre. Una evaluación de alturas de vuelo, indica un solapamiento con el rango de barrido de los aerogeneradores, lo que incrementa el riesgo de colisión durante la migración. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de medidas integradas de mitigación que incluyan apagados programados en picos migratorios, monitoreo con tecnologías de detección y predicción, atención particular a especies vulnerables o en declive, y una planeación espacial que evite áreas prioritarias para la conservación, complementadas con estudios estandarizados en ambas temporadas migratorias. El estudio aporta información de base para la planificación eólica en Colombia, en un contexto de transición energética acelerada y bajo limitada disponibilidad de evaluaciones locales.
The expansion of wind power infrastructure in the Guajira, the principal region for wind energy projects in Colombia, coincides with a migration corridor that concentrates more than 150 species of birds. However, local information on all aspects of migratory ecology, such as phenology, are lacking, hindering collision risk assessments. Between 2016 and 2018 we carried out standardized census and captures for migratory birds near the base of the Guajira peninsula during post-breeding migration. In total, we recorded 19,697 individuals of 39 species, with a high concentration of species of conservation concern including Spiza americana (Dickcissel), Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Bobolink) and Setophaga striata (Blackpoll Warbler). We recorded two main peaks in migratory activity: a high intensity peak in mid-October and a moderate to high peak in late September. An evaluation of flight altitudes, indicated considerable overlap with expected wind turbine swept area profiles, which can heighten collisions during migration. These findings suggest the need for integrated mitigation measures, including programmed shutdowns during peaks of migration, monitoring with automated detection instruments and predictive tools, special attention for vulnerable species and those in decline, and careful spatial planning that avoids priority conservation areas, complemented with standardized studies in both migration seasons. This study provides baseline information for planning wind developments in Colombia, in the context of an accelerated energetic transition that is accompanied by a limited availability of local evaluations.
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