Publicado

2013-05-01

IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR DE MICROORGANISMOS ASOCIADOS A LA RIZOSFERA DE PLANTAS DE VAINILLA EN COLOMBIA

Molecular Identification of Microorganisms Associated to the Rhizosphere of Vanilla Plants in Colombia

Palabras clave:

ADNr, PCR, PGPR, filogenia, Vanilla planifolia (es)
PCR, PGPR, Phylogeny, rDNA, Vanilla planifolia (en)

Autores/as

  • Claudia Lucía Álvarez López Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín
  • Nelson Walter Osorio Vega Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín
  • Mauricio Alejandro Marín Montoya Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín

El cultivo de vainilla es altamente promisorio en Colombia, pero se requiere mayor conocimiento de su manejo agronómico y de los microorganismos que crecen asociados a su rizosfera, de los cuales depende esta planta para su nutrición y crecimiento. En este trabajo se realizaron aislamientos de microorganismos de la rizosfera de plantas de vainilla en un cultivo piloto ubicado en el municipio de Sopetrán (Antioquia, Colombia). Los microorganismos se aislaron en medios selectivos de crecimiento para evaluar su capacidad para descomponer celulosa, proteínas, solubilizar fosfato inorgánico y orgánico (fitato) y fijar nitrógeno en forma asimbiótica. Una vez aislados y purificados, se obtuvieron un total de 109 aislamientos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 52 morfotipos para su identificación molecular por secuenciación de las regiones ITS y 16S del ADN ribosomal para hongos y bacterias, respectivamente. Se encontró una alta variedad de microorganismos en la rizosfera de plantas de vainilla, destacándose las bacterias Bacillus megateriumPseudomonas koreensis y Acinetobacter sp. y el hongo Plectosphaerella sp., por su potencial para ser utilizados como biofertilizantes destinados a mejorar la nutrición y el crecimiento de estas plantas.

The cultivation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is highly promising in Colombia, but more research is needed on its agronomical management and beneficial microorganisms that grow associated to its rhizosphere, on which the plant depends for its nutrition and growth. This study involved the identification of microorganisms associated to the rhizosphere of vanilla plants in a crop located in Sopetrán, Colombia. The microbes were isolated in selective media for functional groups such as cellulolytic, proteolytic, inorganic and organic phosphate (phytate) solubilizers, and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria. After isolation and purification, 109 microbial isolates were obtained. DNA was extracted from 52 selected isolates for molecular identification based on ITS and 16S rDNA sequencing, for fungi and bacteria, respectively. The diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms found was significant. Bacteria such as Bacillus megateriumPseudomonas koreensis and Acinetobacter sp., and the fungus Plectosphaerella sp., may have a high potential to be used as biofertilizers to improve vanilla plant nutrition and growth.

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