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Identificación de genogrupos del virus de la Enfermedad de Gumboro en granjas avícolas en Colombia
Identification of genogroups of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in poultry farms at Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v24n3.79369Palabras clave:
Aves de corral, bursa de Fabricio, diagnóstico, inmunosupresión, VP2 (es)Bursa of Fabricius, diagnosis, immunosuppression, poultry, VP2 (en)
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El virus de la enfermedad de Gumboro (IBDV) es un avibirnavirus con genoma dsARN que presenta altas tasas de mutación y recombinación. A pesar del efecto inmunosupresor en aves y la frecuencia con que ocurre la infección por este agente en el país son pocos los estudios que caracterizan los cuadros clínicos y se desconoce cuáles son los genogrupos circulantes. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de lesiones histopatológicas en órganos del sistema inmune e identificar los genogrupos del IBDV en aves comerciales de Colombia. Para determinar la frecuencia de presentación de lesiones en órganos del sistema inmune se analizaron 381 casos clínicos de las bases de datos del Laboratorio de Patología Aviar (LPA) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá (periodo 2016-2018). Asimismo, se secuenciaron los productos de RT-PCR del gen que codifica para la proteína viral VP2 provenientes de 35 muestras de bursas de Fabricio. Como resultado se encontró evidencia de lesiones microscópicas compatibles con procesos de inmunodepresión en órganos del sistema inmune (bursa de Fabricio, timo, bazo y médula ósea) en el 25 % (97) de los casos analizados y se identificaron los genogrupos 1, 2 y 4 en la siguiente proporción: genogrupo 1-69 % (virus clásicos), genogrupo 2-25 % (variantes) y genogrupo 4-6 % (identificado en Suramérica). Estos hallazgos demuestran la presencia de lesiones en órganos del sistema inmune y la existencia de los genogrupos 1, 2 y 3 del IBDV circulando en aves comerciales en Colombia. Esta es la primera investigación en el país con este sistema de clasificación que permite evidenciar con mayor precisión los cambios en el genoma del IBDV. Lo anterior señala la necesidad de continuar con este tipo de estudios para tener una mejor comprensión de la infección en campo y orientar el diseño e implementación de estrategias de control.
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) is an avibirnavirus with a dsRNA genome, which has a high mutation and recombination rates. Despite the immunosuppressive effect in poultry and the frequency of infections by this agent, few studies in Colombia that characterize the clinical signs and identify the circulating genogroups have been reported. This study aimed to determine the frequency of histopathological lesions in immune organs and to identify IBDV genogroups in poultry from Colombia. In this way, the Laboratorio de Patología Aviar (LPA) databases from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (period 2016-2018) were analyzed in order to identify the frequency of lesions present in immune organs. 35 samples of the bursa of Fabricius, positive by RT-PCR, were sequenced to the gene that codes for the VP2 protein. 97 (25 %) cases showed microscopic lesions in the immune organs. The genogroups identified and the frequencies were: genogroup 1-69 % (classical viruses), genogroup 2-25 % (antigenic variants), and genogroup 4-6 % (identified in South America). These findings demonstrate the lesions of immune organs and the presence of different genogroups circulating in commercial birds in Colombia. This indicates the need to continue with these studies in order to have a better understanding of the infection in the field and to guide the design and implementation of control strategies.
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