Publicado

2015-07-01

Case study: HIV drug resistance in a 13 year old boy, a multicausal problem

Estudio de caso: resistencia a los medicamentos contra el VIH en un niño de 13 años, un problema multicausal

Palabras clave:

HIV, children, HIV drug resistance (en)
VIH, niños, Resistencia a medicamentos contra el VIH (es)

Autores/as

  • Carol Páez Canro Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Julián Porras Villamil Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Background: In 2011, at least 34 million people live with HIV. HIV vertical infected children require close follow-up from all the way through diagnosis to treatment and management of complications.

Case summary: This is the case of a 13-year-old male patient with HIV (vertical transmission) diagnosed at 4 months old. His HIV diagnosis was made in the context of opportunistic manifestations of immunodeficiency because his mother did not access prenatal check-ups. He developed AIDS sequelae such as spastic paraparesia derived from HIV myelopathy and CMV retinitis due to immunodeficiency; these diseases presented in first two years of life. After three years from HAART initiation, the patient was exposed to inadequate HAART (ritonavir without another protease inhibitor), and experienced a first change of therapy due to virological failure. Subsequent treatment regimens —a sum of 7— presented failures in their formulation and this, along with delays due to administrative issues, led to the patient developing multiresistance to most of antiretrovirals given. The patient died mainly from multiorganic failure due to HIV and wasting syndrome.

Conclusion: Congenital HIV is a fundamental issue in public health. It is a preventable disease, and perinatal management, including diagnosis and treatment, is a must. Treatment has demonstrated effectiveness when it is given with proper schemes and adherence. Administrative barriers led to failures in treatment and this affects the prognosis of any patient with HIV. This case is an example that highlights the relationship between virological and clinical failures with health system barriers, in HIV infected children. Managing gaps in diagnosis, antiretroviral administration, and follow up of HIV infected children translates into the prognosis of future adolescents and adults.

Antecedentes: en 2011, al menos 34 millones de personas viven con el VIH. Los niños infectados con VIH vertical requieren un seguimiento cercano desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento y el tratamiento de las complicaciones.

Resumen del caso: este es el caso de un paciente masculino de 13 años con VIH (transmisión vertical) diagnosticado a los 4 meses de edad. Su diagnóstico de VIH se realizó en el contexto de manifestaciones oportunistas de inmunodeficiencia porque su madre no accedió a controles prenatales. Desarrolló secuelas del SIDA tales como la paraparesia espástica derivada de la mielopatía por VIH y la retinitis por CMV debido a la inmunodeficiencia; estas enfermedades se presentaron en los primeros dos años de vida. Después de tres años desde el inicio de HAART, el paciente estuvo expuesto a TARGA inadecuado (ritonavir sin otro inhibidor de proteasa) y experimentó un primer cambio de terapia debido a falla virológica. Los regímenes de tratamiento subsiguientes -una suma de 7- presentaron fallas en su formulación y esto, junto con retrasos debidos a problemas administrativos, llevaron al paciente a desarrollar una resistencia múltiple a la mayoría de los antirretrovirales administrados. El paciente murió principalmente por falla multiorgánica debido al VIH y al síndrome de desgaste.

Conclusión: el VIH congénito es un problema fundamental en la salud pública. Es una enfermedad prevenible y el tratamiento perinatal, incluidos el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, es obligatorio. El tratamiento ha demostrado efectividad cuando se administra con esquemas y adherencia adecuados. Las barreras administrativas condujeron a fallas en el tratamiento y esto afecta el pronóstico de cualquier paciente con VIH. Este caso es un ejemplo que destaca la relación entre las fallas virológicas y clínicas con las barreras del sistema de salud, en los niños infectados por el VIH. La gestión de las brechas en el diagnóstico, la administración de antirretrovirales y el seguimiento de los niños infectados por el VIH se traduce en el pronóstico de futuros adolescentes y adultos.

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Páez Canro, C., & Porras Villamil, J. (2015). Estudio de caso: resistencia a los medicamentos contra el VIH en un niño de 13 años, un problema multicausal. Case Reports, 1(1), 32-38. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/care/article/view/49477