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Extraction and Characterization of Saponins from ‘Saqta’ Root (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata): Chemical and Surfactant Properties
Extracción y Caracterización de Saponinas de la raíz de ‘Saqta’ (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata): Propiedades Químicas y Surfactantes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.118674Keywords:
Saqta, Colignonia parviflora, saponin, foam, surface tension (en)Saqta, tensión superficial, Colignonia parviflora, Saponina, Espuma (es)
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Saqta (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata) is an Andean perennial herb whose root is used by rural communities as a source of “natural detergent” for washing clothes and personal hygiene. Its use has been documented by ancient cultures; however, the chemical components of Saqta root have been largely unexplored despite their potential applications. This study aims to extract and characterize saponins from Saqta root and assess their suitability as surfactants. A saponin-rich extract was obtained using a 70% ethanol–water solution under reflux conditions. Characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Foam stability and surface tension were assessed through the afrosymetric method and capillary rise method, respectively. The extraction yield was approximately 6.28%, calculated based on the dry mass of the Saqta root material used in the extraction process. FTIR and TLC confirmed the presence of saponins, revealing structural similarities to commercial Quillaja saponins. The extracted saponins demonstrated high solubility in water and formed stable foam, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 4.59 wt%. Surface tension measurements revealed a significant reduction in surface tension compared to that of pure water for solutions with saponin concentrations greater than 0.1%. In conclusion, saponins were successfully extracted from Saqta root, exhibiting promising surfactant properties. These findings suggest potential applications in alternative detergent formulations, cosmetics, and other soap-like products.
Saqta (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata) es una planta perenne andina cuya raíz es empleada por las comunidades rurales como “detergente natural” para lavandería y aseo personal. Su uso ha sido reportado por diversas culturas ancestrales; sin embargo, los componentes químicos de la raíz de Saqta han sido poco explorados a pesar de su gran potencial. El objetivo de este estudio es extraer y caracterizar las saponinas de la raíz de Saqta y evaluar su aplicación como surfactantes. Se obtuvo un extracto rico en saponinas utilizando una solución de etanol–agua al 70% bajo condiciones de reflujo. La caracterización se realizó utilizando espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), cromatografía en capa fina (TLC), calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y análisis termogravimétrico (TGA). La estabilidad de la espuma y la tensión superficial se evaluaron mediante el método afrosimétrico y el método de ascenso capilar, respectivamente. El rendimiento de la extracción fue de aproximadamente 6.28%, calculado en función de la masa seca del material de la raíz de Saqta. Los resultados de FTIR y TLC confirmaron la presencia de saponinas, revelando similitudes estructurales con las saponinas comerciales de Quillaja. Adicionalmente, las saponinas extraídas demostraron una alta solubilidad en agua y la capacidad de formar espumas estables, con una concentración micelar crítica (CMC) de 4.59% en peso. Los resultados de tensión superficial mostraron valores menores comparados con el agua pura para soluciones con concentraciones de saponina superiores al 0.1%. En conclusión, las saponinas fueron extraídas con éxito de la raíz de Saqta, mostrando propiedades surfactantes prometedoras. Estos hallazgos sugieren aplicaciones potenciales en formulaciones de detergentes alternativos, cosméticos y otros productos similares al jabón.
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