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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of 308L Stainless Steel: Dimensional Characterization, Arc Stability, Microstructural Evolution, and Mechanical Anisotropy in Thin-Wall Structures
Manufactura aditiva de acero inoxidable 308L mediante arco y alambre: caracterización dimensional, estabilidad del arco, evolución microestructural y anisotropía mecánica estructuras de paredes delgadas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.118731Keywords:
wire arc additive manufacturing, 308L stainless steel, dimensional characterization, arc stability, microstructural behavior, mechanical anisotropy (en)manufactura aditiva mediante arco y alambre, acero inoxidable 308L, caracterización dimensional, estabilidad del arco, comportamiento microestructural, anisotropía mecánica (es)
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In this work, 308L stainless steel was deposited via wire arc additive manufacturing, identifying how process variables (voltage, wire feed speed, and travel speed) influence the geometry of the deposit in terms of arc stability, the resulting microstructure, and mechanical properties. Deposits were obtained by varying the voltage from 16 to 20V, the wire feed speed between 4 and 6 m/min, and the travel speed between 240 and 540 mm/min, in order to assess their importance in deposit quality and in the occurrence of defects such as porosity and inclusions. By varying the aforementioned parameters, the response values of the deposit (height and width) were obtained, which is crucial for understanding and controlling the material deposition layer by layer, as well as for properly planning process trajectories. Proper control of welding conditions allows for uniform layers with lower porosity, better internal quality, and an austenitic matrix microstructure with delta ferrite, whose morphology varies with heat input. Finally, through the effective control of height and width, we obtained a thin wall was obtained to evaluate its mechanical behavior. The results demonstrated proper interlayer adhesion as well as anisotropy, particularly regarding tensile strength and ductility, depending on the orientation of the specimens relative to the deposition direction.
En este trabajo, se depositó acero inoxidable 308L mediante fabricación aditiva por arco con hilo, identificando cómo las variables del proceso (voltaje, velocidad de alimentación del alambre y velocidad de avance) influyen en la geometría del depósito en términos de estabilidad del arco, microestructura resultante y propiedades mecánicas. Los depósitos se obtuvieron variando el voltaje entre 16 y 20 V, la velocidad de alimentación del alambre entre 4 y 6 m/min y la velocidad de avance entre 240 y 540 mm/min, con el fin de evaluar su importancia en la calidad del depósito y en la aparición de defectos como porosidad e inclusiones. Al variar los parámetros mencionados, se obtuvieron los valores de respuesta del depósito (altura y ancho), lo cual es fundamental para comprender y controlar la deposición del material capa por capa, así como para planificar adecuadamente las trayectorias del proceso. Un control adecuado de las condiciones de soldadura permite obtener capas uniformes con menor porosidad, mejor calidad interna y una microestructura de matriz austenítica con ferrita delta, cuya morfología varía con el aporte térmico. Finalmente, mediante el control efectivo de la altura y el ancho, se obtuvo una pared delgada para evaluar su comportamiento mecánico. Los resultados demostraron una adecuada adhesión entre capas, así como anisotropía, particularmente en cuanto a la resistencia a la tracción y la ductilidad, dependiendo de la orientación de las probetas con respecto a la dirección de deposición.
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1. Andres Fernando Gil Plazas, Theylor Andres Amaya Villabón, David Alberto Ramírez Vargas, Julián David Rubiano Buitrago, Liz Karen Herrera Quintero. (2025). Influence of interlayer thermal cycling on microstructural evolution in WAAM processed carbon steel. Welding in the World, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02227-8.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Andres Fernando Gil Plazas, Theylor Andres Amaya Villabón, Oscar Fabian Mayorga Rodríguez, Cristian Raúl Peña Velandia, Julián David Rubiano Buitrago, David Alberto Ramírez Vargas, Liz Karen Herrera Quintero
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