Published
Advances in ZrO₂ Photocatalysis for Dye Degradation: A Review
Avances en la fotocatálisis basada en el ZrO₂ para la degradación de colorantes: una revisión
Keywords:
photocatalysis, adsorption, ZrO₂, polyoxometalates (POMs), catalytic efficiency (en)fotocatálisis, adsorción, ZrO₂, polioxometalatos (POMs), eficiencia catalítica (es)
Downloads
Nanoscience has driven significant advances in functional materials engineering. In this context, zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) has been widely explored due to its physicochemical properties, with applications in catalysis, sensors, adsorption, and biomedicine. This review aimed to analyze recent developments in the synthesis and modification of ZrO₂ nanoparticles to improve their photocatalytic efficiency, especially in the degradation of organic pollutants present in aqueous solutions. A systematic literature search was conducted in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, following the PRISMA protocol. Studies published between 2010 and 2023 were selected. The three crystalline phases of ZrO₂, their optical properties, and the effects of synthesis on their catalytic performance were described. The mechanisms of generation and separation of e⁻/h⁺ pairs and their relationship with the formation of oxidizing radicals were summarized. Results indicated that the efficiency of ZrO₂ improves significantly through strategies such as metal doping, coupling with semiconductors, and combination with Anderson-type polyoxometalates (POMs), i.e., discrete anionic metal-oxo cluster with redox activity that can act as electron reservoirs, promoting charge separation and reactive-species formation during photocatalysis. The potential of thin films as support for hybrid materials was highlighted, as they increase the active surface area and structural stability. It was concluded that the ZrO₂-POMs combination represents a promising pathway for environmental remediation applications, although experimental studies are still required to validate its efficiency under real conditions.
La nanociencia ha impulsado avances significativos en la ingeniería de materiales funcionales. En este contexto, el óxido de zirconio (ZrO₂) ha sido ampliamente explorado por sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, para el desarrollo de aplicaciones en catálisis, sensores, adsorción y biomedicina. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar los desarrollos recientes en la síntesis y modificación de nanopartículas de ZrO₂ orientadas a mejorar su eficiencia fotocatalítica, especialmente en la degradación de contaminantes orgánicos presentes en soluciones acuosas. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA. Se seleccionaron estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2023. Se describieron las tres fases cristalinas del ZrO₂, sus propiedades ópticas, y los efectos de la síntesis sobre su rendimiento catalítico. Se resumieron los mecanismos de generación y separación de pares e⁻/h⁺ y su relación con la formación de radicales oxidantes. Los resultados indicaron que la eficiencia del ZrO₂ mejora significativamente mediante estrategias como dopado metálico, acoplamiento con semiconductores y combinación con polioxometalatos tipo Anderson (POMs), es decir, clústeres aniónicos metal-oxo con actividad redox que pueden actuar como reservorios de electrones, favoreciendo la separación de cargas y formación de especies reactivas en la fotocatálisis. Se destacó el potencial de las películas delgadas como soporte para materiales híbridos, al incrementar la superficie activa y la estabilidad estructural. Se concluyó que la combinación ZrO₂–POMs representa una vía prometedora para aplicaciones de remediación ambiental, aunque aún se requieren estudios experimentales que validen su eficiencia en condiciones reales.
Downloads
References
[1] A. Linsebigler, G. Lu, and J. Yates, "Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: Principles, mechanisms, and selected results," In Chem. Rev, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 735–758, 1995.
[2] A. Kudo, "Z-scheme photocatalyst systems for water splitting under visible light irradiation," MRS Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 32-38, 2011.
[3] L. Renuka, K. Anantharaju, S. Sharma, H. Nagabhushana, Y. Vidya, H. Nagaswarupa and S. Prashantha, "A comparative study on the structural, optical, electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of ZrO2 nanooxide synthesized by different routes," J. Alloys and Compounds, vol. 695, no. 25, pp. 382-395, 2017.
[4] H. Zhou, P. Yao, T. Gong, and Y. Xiao, "Effects of ZrO2 crystal structure on the tribological properties of copper metal matrix composites," Tribology Int., vol. 138, no. 7, pp. 380-391, 2019.
[5] S. Basahel, T. Ali, M. Mokhta and K. Narasimharao, "Influence of crystal structure of nanosized ZrO2 on photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange," Nano Express, vol. 10, art. no. 73, 2015.
[6] S. Kumar and A. Ojha, "Oxygen vacancy induced photoluminescence properties and enhanced photocatalytic activity of ferromagnetic ZrO2 nanostructures on methylene blue dye under ultra-violet radiation," J. of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 644, pp. 654-662, 2015.
[7] F. Boran and M. Okutan, "Synthesis optimization of ZrO2 nanostructures for photocatalytic applications," Turk J Chem, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 448-464, 2023.
[8] M. Mosavari, A. Khajehhaghverdi and R. Mehdinava, "Nano-ZrO2: A review on synthesis methodologies," Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 157, p. 111293, 2023.
[9] N. Kumari, S. Sareen, M. Verma, S. Sharma, A. Sharma, H. Singh, S. Mehta, J. Park and V. Mutreja, "Zirconia-based nanomaterials: recent developments in synthesis and applications," Nanoscale Adv, vol. 4, no. 20, pp. 4210-4236, 2022.
[10] A. Behbahani, S. Rowshanzami, and A. Esmaeilifar, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles from Commercial Zirconia," Procedia Eng., vol. 42, pp. 908-917, 2012.
[11] J. Lian, Z. Deng, X. Jiang, F. Li, and Y. Li, "Photoluminescence of tetragonal ZrO(2) nanoparticles synthesized by microwave irradiation," Inorg Chem, vol. 15, no. 41, pp. 3602-4, 2002.
[12] M. Baek, S. Park, and D. Choi, "Synthesis of zirconia (ZrO2) nanowires via chemical vapor deposition," J. of Crystal Growth, vol. 459, no. 1, pp. 198-202, 2017.
[13] R. Jeba, R. Sathasivam, C. Padma, and A. Davix, "Synthesis and characterization of zirconia nanorods as a photo catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue dye," Nano. Phys. Chem. Math., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 78-86, 2022.
[14] E. Geuzens, G. Vanhoyland, J. D’Haen, M. Van, H. Rul, J. Mullens, and L. Van, "Synthesis of Tetragonal Zirconia Nanoparticles via an Aqueous Solution-Gel Method," Key Eng. Mat., Vols. 264-268, pp. 343-346, 2004.
[15] M. Wahba and S. Yakout, "Innovative visible light photocatalytic activity for V-doped ZrO2 structure: optical, morphological, and magnetic properties," J. Sol-Gel Sci. and Tech., vol. 93, no. 2, 2019.
[16] Y. Liu and J. Yang, "Correction: Liu, Y.; Yang, J. Hydrophobic modification of ZrO2-SiO2 xerogel and its adsorption properties to rhodamine B," Gels , vol. 9, no. 1, p. 31, 2023.
[17] V. Reddy, B. Babu, N. Reddy, and J. Shim, "Synthesis and characterization of pure tetragonal ZrO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity," Ceram. Int., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 6940-6948, 2018.
[18] H. Zheng, K. Liu, H. Cao and X. Zhang, "L-Lysine-assisted synthesis of ZrO2 nanocrystals and their application in photocatalysis," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 113, no. 42, pp. 18259-18263, 2009.
[19] C. Macauley, A. Fernandez, J. Sluytma, and C. Levi, "Phase equilibria in the ZrO 2 -YO 1.5 -TaO 2.5 system at 1250 °C," J. European Ceram. Society, vol. 38, no. 13, pp. 4888-4901, 2018.
[20] T. Tran, D. Cam, P. Senthil, A. Mohd, A. Abdul, and D. Vo, "Green synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and nanocomposites for biomedical and environmental applications: a review," Environ. Chem. Lett., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1309-1331, 2022.
[21] S. Ashraf, M. Irfan, D. Kim, and J. Jang, "Optical influence of annealing in nano-and submicron-scale ZrO2 powders," Ceramics International, vol. 40, no. 6, p. 8513, 2014.
[22] S. Zinatloo and M. Salavati, "Facile route to synthesize zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanostructures: Structural, optical and photocatalytic studies," J. Mol. Liquids, vol. 216, pp. 545-551, 2016.
[23] Z. Shu, X. Jiao, and D. Chen, "Hydrothermal synthesis and selective photocatalytic properties of tetragonal star-like ZrO2 nanostructures," Cryst. Eng. Comm., vol. 15, pp. 4288-4294, 2013.
[24] H. Salavati, N. Tavakkol, and M. Hosseinpoor, "Preparation and characterization of polyphosphotungstate/ZrO2 nanocomposite and their sonocatalytic and photocatalytic activity under UV light illumination," Ultra. Sonochem., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 546-553, 2012.
[25] V. Khalili, A. Heidarzade, S. Moslemi, and L. Fathyunes, "Production of Al6061 matrix composites with ZrO2 ceramic reinforcement using a low-cost stir casting technique: Microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical behavior," J. Mat. Res. Tech., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 15072-15086, 2020.
[26] A. Savari, A. Hamidi, S. Farjadfard, M. Omidvar, and B. Ramavandi, "Zirconium-based materials for fluoride removal from aqueous environments: A literature review and scientometric analysis," Colloid and Interface Sci. Comm.,, vol. 55, p. 100722, 2023.
[27] T. Sreethawong, S. Ngamsinlapasathian, and S. Yoshikawa, "Synthesis of crystalline mesoporous-assembled ZrO2 nanoparticles via a facile surfactant-aided sol–gel process and their photocatalytic dye degradation activity," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 228, no. 15, pp. 256-262, 2013.
[28] K. Maver, U. Lavrenčič, U. Černigor, S. Gross, and R. Cerc, "Low-temperature synthesis and characterization of TiO2 and TiO2–ZrO2 photocatalytically active thin films," Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 657-662, 2009.
[29] G. Patil, "Doctor Blade: A Promising Technique for Thin Film Coatin," in Simple Chemical Methods for Thin Film Deposition, Springer Nature Singapore, 2023, pp. 209-530.
[30] A. Cherevan, S. Nandan, I. Roger, R. Liu, C. Streb, and D. Eder, "Polyoxometalates on functional substrates: concepts, synergies, and future perspectives," Adv Sci (Weinh), vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1903511, 2020.
[31] A. Blazevic and A. Rompel, "The Anderson–Evans polyoxometalate: From inorganic building blocks via hybrid organic–inorganic structures to tomorrows “Bio-POM”," Coord. Chem. Rev., vol. 307, no. 1, pp. 42-64, 2016.
[32] S. Sampurnam, S. Muthamizh, S. Balachandran and V. Narayanan, "Fabrication of hybrid polyaniline – Polyoxometalate decorated with ZrO2 ternary nanocomposites with excellent visible light driven photocatalytic performance," J. of Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem., vol. 443, no. 1, p. 114844, 2023.
[33] I. Guermi, "Theoretical investigation of structural parameters, reactivity behavior, and thermodynamic properties of Anderson polyoxometalate (POM)," Struct, Chem., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1-10, 2022.
[34] J. Speidel and J. O'Sullivan, "Promover el bienestar de las personas y del planeta con una agenda común para la justicia reproductiva, la población y el medio ambiente," Mundo, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 259-287, 2023.
[35] J. Mateo, S. Marjani, and H. Turral, More people, more food, worse water? a global review of water pollution from agriculture, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018.
[36] I. Marigomez, "Coastal and marine pollution in the Anthropocene," Anthropocene Coasts, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1-3, 2023.
[37] C. Bhagat and M. Kumar, "Chapter 2 - Pharmaceutical and personal care products in the seawater: Mini review," in Emerging Aquatic Contaminants One Health Framework for Risk Assessment and Remediation in the Post COVID-19 Anthropocene, Elsevier, 2023, pp. 35-60.
[38] R. Chaudhuri, P. Chaudhuri, A. Mukhopadhyay and P. Bhattacharjee, "Emerging COVID waste and its impact on the aquatic environment in India," in Emerging Aquatic. Contaminants, Elsevier, 2023, pp. 101-126.
[39] E. Tilley, L. Ulrich, C. Lüthi, P. Reymond, and C. Zurbrügg, Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies. 2nd revised edition, Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and the International Water Association (IWA) specialist groups, 2014.
[40] Y. Luo, W. Guo, H. Hao, L. Duc, F. Ibney, J. Zhang, S. Liang, and X. Wang, "A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment," Sci. Total Env., vols. 473-374, no. 1, pp. 619-641, 2014.
[41] C. Baresel, M. Ek, H. Ejhed, A. Allard, J. Magnér, L. Dahlgren, K. Westling, C. Wahlberg, U. Fortkamp, S. Söhr, M. Harding, J. Fång, and J. Karlsson, "Sustainable treatment systems for removal of pharmaceutical residues and other priority persistent substances," Water Sci. Technol., vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 537-543, 2019.
[42] L. Renuka, K. S. Anantharaju, S. C. Sharma, H. Nagabhushana, Y. S. Vidya, H. P. Nagaswarupa, and S. C. Prashantha, “A comparative study on the structural, optical, electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of ZrO2 nanooxide synthesized by different routes,” J. Alloys and Comp. vol. 695, pp. 382–395, 2017.
[43] H. Kumari, Sonia, Suman, R. Ranga, S. Chahal, S. Devi, S. Sharma, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, A. Kumar, and R. Parmar, "A Review on Photocatalysis Used For Wastewater Treatment: Dye Degradation," Water Air Soil Pollut., vol. 234, no. 6, p. 349, 2023.
[44] E. García and L. Palmisano, Mat. Sci. in Photocatalysis, Elsevier, 2021.
[45] D. Rodríguez, R. Luque, and M. Muñoz, "Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances," Topics in Current Chemistry, vol. 378, no. 1, 2020.
[46] J. Zhang, B. Tian, L. Wang, M. Xing, and J. Lei, Photocatalysis: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications (Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 100), Springer, 2018.
[47] J. Rengaswamy, R. Sathasivam, P. Muthammal, and A. Xavier, "Structural, Optical, Thermal, Magnetic Properties of Zirconia Nanorods and their Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties," J. Water Environ. Nanotechnol, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 252-264, 2021.
[48] D. Zhang and F. Zeng, "Structural, Photochemical and Photocatalytic Properties of Zirconium Oxide Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites," App. Surf. Sci., vol. 257, pp. 867-871, 2010.
[49] R. Biju, R. Ravikumar, J. Raghavan and C. Indulal, "Nanocomposite of zinc zirconia for better degradation of an organic dye," Bull. Mat. Sci., vol. 45, no. 4, p. 180, 2022.
[50] V. Rodaev, A. Zhigachev, A. Tyurin, S. Razlivalova, V. Korenkov, and Y. Golovin, "An Engineering Zirconia Ceramic Made of Baddeleyite," Materials, vol. 14, no. 16, p. 4676, 2021.
[51] A. Doroshkevich, I. Danilenko, T. Konstantinova, G. Volkova, and V. Glazunova, "Structural evolution of zirconia nanopowders as a coagulation process," Nanomaterials, vol. 55, pp. 863-865, 2010.
[52] J. Gole, S. Prokes, J. Stout, O. Glembocki, and R. Yang, "Unique Properties of Selectively Formed Zirconia Nanostructures," Adv. Mater., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 664-667, 2006.
[53] M. Wang, X. Han, F. Gui, H. Deng, and J. Shi, "Adsorption of caffeine onto tio2-zro2 and evaluation of photocatalytic behaviour," Oxid. Commun., vol. 39, no. 2A, pp. 2069-2084, 2016.
[54] S. Gupta, S. Noumbissi, and M. Kunrath, "Nano modified zirconia dental implants: Advances and the frontiers for rapid osseointegration," Med. Dev. Sens., vol. 3, no. 3, art. no. e10076, 2020.
[55] T. Dawoud, V. Pavitra, P. Ahmad, A. Syed, and G. Nagaraju, "Photocatalytic degradation of an organic dye using Ag doped ZrO2 nanoparticles: Milk powder facilitated eco-friendly synthesis," J. King Saud Univ. - Sci., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1872-1878, 2020.
[56] M. Zare and A. Mehrabani, "Photocatalytic activity of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposite for the degradation of naproxen: characterization and optimization using response surface methodology," Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 10388, 2022.
[57] A. Iriondo, J. Cambra, M. Güemez , V. Barrio, M. Sánchez and R. Navarro, "Effect of ZrO2 addition on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst to produce H2 from glycerol," Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 7084-7093, 2012.
[58] S. de Lima, A. Silva, I. da Cruz, G. Jacobs, B. Davis, L. Mattos and F. Noronha, "H2 production through steam reforming of ethanol over Pt/ZrO2, Pt/CeO2 and Pt/CeZrO2 catalysts," Catal. Today, vol. 138, no. 3-4, pp. 162-168, 2008.
[59] H. Roh, K. Jun, W. Sheng, J. San, S. Eon, and Y. Joe, "Highly active and stable Ni/Ce-ZrO2 catalyst for H2 production from methane," Div. Env. Eng., vol. 181, no. 1-2, pp. 137-142, 2002.
[60] F. Arena, G. Italiano, K. Barbera, G. Bonura, L. Spadaro, and F. Frusteri, "Solid-state interactions, adsorption sites and functionality of Cu-ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts in the CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH," App. Catal. A., vol. 350, no. 1, pp. 16-23, 2008.
[61] A. Emeline, G. Kataeva, A. Litke, A. Rudakova, V. Ryabchuk, and N. Serpone, "Spectroscopic and Photoluminescence Studies of a Wide Band Gap Insulating Material: Powdered and Colloidal ZrO2 Sols," Langmuir, vol. 14, no. 18, 1998.
[62] P. Suresh, J. Vijaya, and L. Kennedy, "Photocatalytic degradation of textile dyeing wastewater through microwave synthesized Zr-AC, Ni-AC and Zn-AC," Env. Sci., Mat. Sci., Chem., vol. 15, art. no. 64072-9, 2015.
[63] E. Agorku, A. Kuvarega, B. Mamba, A. Pandey and A. Mishra, "Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of multi-elements-doped ZrO2 for degradation of indigo carmine," J. Rare Earths, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 498-506, 2015.
[64] C. Chen, C. Ruan, Y. Zhan, X. Lin, Q. Zheng, and K. Wei, "The significant role of oxygen vacancy in Cu/ZrO2 catalyst for enhancing water–gas-shift performance," Int. J. Hydr. Ene., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 317-324, 2014.
[65] A. Sinhamahapatra, J. Jeon, J. Kang, B. Han, and J. Sung, "Oxygen-Deficient Zirconia (ZrO2−x): A New Material for Solar Light Absorption," Sci. Rep., vol. 6, art. no. 27218, 2016.
[66] A. Bard, "Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photo-catalysis at semiconductors," J. Photochem., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 59-75, 1979.
[67] S. Ananchenko, S. Nikiforov, K. Sobyanin, S. Konev, A. Dauletbekova, G. Akhmetova, A. Akilbekov, and A. Popov, "Paramagnetic Defects and Thermoluminescence in Irradiated Nanostructured Monoclinic Zirconium Dioxide," Materials, vol. 15, no. 23, p. 8624, 2022.
[68] M. Frenti, C. Milta, N. Cornei, V. Tiron, G. Bulai, M. Dobromir, A. Doroshkevich, and D. Madare, "ZrO2 for photocatalytic applications," UPB Sci. Bull., Ser. A — Appl. Math. Phys., vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 165-176, 2023.
[69] V. Rani, A. Sharma, A. Kumar, P. Singh, S. Thakur, A. Sing, Q. Van, V. Nguyen, and P. Raizada, "ZrO2-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment: From Novel Modification Strategies to Mechanistic Insights," Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1418, 2022.
[70] M. Rezaei and S. Mahd, "Synthesis of mesoporous nanocrystalline zirconia with tetragonal crystallite phase by using ethylene diamine as precipitation agent," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 7086-7092, 2007.
[71] T. Arantes, G. Mambrini, D. Stroppa, and E. Leite, "Stable colloidal suspensions of nanostructured zirconium oxide synthesized by hydrothermal process," J. Nanopart. Res., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 3105-3110, 2010.
[72] M. Salavati, M. Dadkhah, and F. Davar, "Pure cubic ZrO2 nanoparticles by thermolysis of a new precursor," Polyhedron, vol. 28, no. 14, pp. 3005-3009, 2009.
[73] H. Teterycz, R. Klimkiewicz, and M. Łaniecki, “The role of Lewis acidic centers in stabilized zirconium dioxide,” Appl. Catal. A, vol. 249, no. 2, pp. 313–326, 2003.
[74] F. Shojai and T. A. Mäntylä, “Chemical stability of yttria doped zirconia membranes in acid and basic aqueous solutions: Chemical properties, effect of annealing and ageing time,” Ceram. Int., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 299–307, 2001.
[75] M. Li, Z.-X. Jin, W. Zhang, Y.-H. Bai, Y.-Q. Cao, W.-M. Li, D. Wu, and A.-D. Li, “Comparison of chemical stability and corrosion resistance of group IV metal oxide films formed by thermal and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, art. no. 10438, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47049-z.
[76] K. Dashtian, S. Shahsavarifar, M. Usman, Y. Joseph, M. R. Ganjali, Z. Yin, and M. Rahimi-Nasrabadi, “A comprehensive review on advances in polyoxometalate based materials for electrochemical water splitting,” Coord. Chem. Rev, vol. 504, art. no. 215644, 2024.
[77] J. Lan, Y. Wang, B. Huang, Z. Xiao y P. Wu, “Application of polyoxometalates in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants,” Nanoscale Adv., vol. 3, no. 16, pp. 4646–4658, 2021.
[78] J. Serafin, R. Bujaldón, J. Sreńscek-Nazzal, A. Kałamaga, E. Gomez, X. Vendrell, and A. Serra, “Transition metal-doped TiO2 and CeO2 photocatalysts modified with Ti3C2 MXene for PMS-driven advanced oxidation of pharmaceutical pollutants,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 524, art. no. 169005, 2025.
[79] M. J. Page, J. E. McKenzie, P. M. Bossuyt, I. Boutron, T. C. Hoffmann, C. D. Mulrow, et al., “Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas,” Rev. Esp. Cardiol., vol. 74, no. 9, pp. 790–799, 2021.
[80] A. Khattar, M. H. Alsaif, J. A. Alghafli, A. A. Alshaikh, A. A. Alsalem, I. A. Almindil, et al., “Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticle addition on the optical properties of denture base materials fabricated using additive technologies,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 23, art. no. 4190, 2022.
[81] H. M. Shinde, T. T. Bhosale, N. L. Gavade, S. B. Babar, R. J. Kamble, B. S. Shirke, and K. M. Garadkar, “Biosynthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles from Ficus benghalensis leaf extract for photocatalytic activity,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., vol. 29, no. 16, pp. 14055–14064, 2018.
[82] L. Keerthana, C. Sakthivel, and I. Prabha, “MgO–ZrO2 mixed nanocomposites: fabrication methods and applications,” Mater. Today Sustain., vol. 3, art. no. 100007, 2019.
[83] P. Bansal, N. Kaur, C. Prakash, and G. R. Chaudhary, “ZrO2 nanoparticles: An industrially viable, efficient and recyclable catalyst for synthesis of pharmaceutically significant xanthene derivatives,” Vacuum, vol. 157, pp. 9–16, 2018.
[84] Y. Hui and S. Zhang, “A facile synthesis of Fe-doped zirconium oxide nanoparticles for enhancement of Rhodamine B dye degradation,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 16, no. 6, art. no. 210635, 2021.
[85] H. M. Shinde, S. V. Kite, B. S. Shirke y K. M. Garadkar, “Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag–ZrO2 nanocomposites for degradation of methylene blue,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Elec-tron., vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 14235–14247, 2021.
[86] L. Renuka, K. S. Anantharaju, S. C. Sharma, H. P. Nagaswarupa, S. C. Prashantha, H. Nagabhushana, and Y. S. Vidya, “Hollow microspheres Mg-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles: green assisted synthesis and applications in photocatalysis and photoluminescence,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 672, pp. 609–622, 2016.
[87] S. Rafiq, H. H. Somaily, M. Imran, M. Akhtar, I. Ayman, M. M. Baig et al., “In-situ fabrication of 3D/1D p-NiO/p-ZrO2 heterojunction composites with enhanced photo-degradation activity towards methyl orange and benzimidazole,” Ceram. Int., vol. 48, no. 21, pp. 32305–32313, 2022.
[88] K. Saeed, M. Sadiq, I. Khan, S. Ullah, N. Ali, and A. Khan, “Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of Pd/ZrO2 and Pt/ZrO2,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 8, no. 2, art. no. 60, 2018.
[89] K. Gurushantha, K. S. Anantharaju, L. Renuka, S. C. Sharma, H. P. Nagaswarupa, S. C. Prashantha, et al., “New green synthesized reduced graphene oxide–ZrO2 composite as high performance photocatalyst under sunlight,” RSC Adv., vol. 7, no. 21, pp. 12690–12703, 2017.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jiress Florez, Carlos Diaz Uribe, William Vallejo Lozada

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors or holders of the copyright for each article hereby confer exclusive, limited and free authorization on the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación concerning the aforementioned article which, once it has been evaluated and approved, will be submitted for publication, in line with the following items:
1. The version which has been corrected according to the evaluators' suggestions will be remitted and it will be made clear whether the aforementioned article is an unedited document regarding which the rights to be authorized are held and total responsibility will be assumed by the authors for the content of the work being submitted to Ingeniería e Investigación, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and third-parties;
2. The authorization conferred on the journal will come into force from the date on which it is included in the respective volume and issue of Ingeniería e Investigación in the Open Journal Systems and on the journal's main page (https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ingeinv), as well as in different databases and indices in which the publication is indexed;
3. The authors authorize the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación to publish the document in whatever required format (printed, digital, electronic or whatsoever known or yet to be discovered form) and authorize Ingeniería e Investigación to include the work in any indices and/or search engines deemed necessary for promoting its diffusion;
4. The authors accept that such authorization is given free of charge and they, therefore, waive any right to receive remuneration from the publication, distribution, public communication and any use whatsoever referred to in the terms of this authorization.









