Characterising a historical bridge’s bricks in Popayán (Colombia)
Caracterización de los ladrillos constitutivos de un puente histórico en Popayán (Colombia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n2.14887Keywords:
brick, physical-chemical characteristic, mechanical property (en)ladrillos, características físico-químicas, propiedades mecánicas (es)
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This article presents the procedures and results of studying the physical-mechanical and chemical-mineralogical characterisation of the bricks originally used in a masonry arch bridge; the bridge was built in the first half of the 18th century in the city of Popayán, Colombia. Core-samples were thus extracted from the bridge’s lower area and subjected to different laboratory tests. Physical-mechanical characterisation quantified values related to dry weight, suspended weight, saturated weight, porosity, apparent gravity, apparent density and maximum load values, cold compression resistance and elasticity modulus. The results revealed the bricks’ high porosity and their low resistance to compression stress. Chemical-mineralogical characterisation involved a combination of tests including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Several minerals found led to deducting the source of the raw material, as well as verifying some brick production characteristics of the time in the said region. Tridimite, cristobalite, magnetite and calcium carbonate were some of the phases formed by the temperatures reached while firing the bricks, while potassium sulphate presence in one of the samples conveyed the nature of the construction materials’ production characteristics. Combining XRD and XPS analysis provides information about firing temperature and the new mineralogical phases appearing at the end of this process; FTIR proved functional OH and Si-O-Si group presence. These bricks’ characteristics provided valuable data for restoration purposes, formulating a new brick from raw material complying with reconstruction requirements.
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los procedimientos y resultados del estudio y caracterización físico-mecánica y químico-mineralógica de los ladrillos empleados originalmente en un puente de arco de albañilería cuya construcción data de la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, ubicado en la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Para ello se extrajeron núcleos de las zonas bajas del puente a partir de los cuales se obtuvieron especímenes que fueron sometidos a diferentes pruebas de laboratorio. La caracterización físico-mecánica cuantificó valores relativos a peso seco, peso suspendido, peso saturado, porosidad, gravedad aparente, densidad aparente, y por último, valores de carga máxima, resistencia a la compresión en frío y módulo de elasticidad. Los resultados obtenidos hacen ver la alta porosidad de los ladrillos y su baja capacidad resistente a esfuerzos de compresión. La caracterización químico-mineralógica se llevó a cabo mediante una combinación de pruebas que incluyeron difracción de rayos X (XRD), espectroscopia de fotoelectrones de rayos X (XPS) y espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Varios minerales encontrados permiten deducir la fuente del material crudo, así como verificar algunas características de la producción de ladrillo de la época en esta región. Tridimita, cristobalita, magnetita y carbonato de calcio son algunas de las fases formadas por las temperaturas alcanzadas en la cocción, mientras que la presencia de sulfato de potasio en una de las muestras da razón de características de producción de material para la construcción. La combinación de los análisis XRD y XPS suministra información sobre la temperatura de quemado y las nuevas fases mineralógicas que aparecen al final de este proceso, mientras que FTIR permite comprobar la presencia de grupos funcionales OH y Si-O-Si, principalmente. Las características de estos ladrillos proporcionan datos valiosos para el propósito de restauración, formulando un nuevo ladrillo a partir del material crudo que se ajuste a los requerimientos de la construcción existente.
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1. Yesid Mauricio Ospina, Jairo Andrés Paredes López, Jorge Alberto Galindo Díaz. (2009). The behaviour of a historic masonry arch bridge regarding dynamic loads. Ingeniería e Investigación, 29(3), p.115. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n3.15193.
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