Published
Estimating marginal external costs for road, rail and river transport in Colombia
Estimación de costos externos marginales de los modos de transporte carretero, fluvial y ferroviario en Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v31n1.20525Keywords:
transport modelling, freight transport, external transport costs. (en)modelación del transporte, transporte de carga, costos externos del transporte (es)
Downloads
This report presents the results of research regarding strategic freight transport network modelling in Colombia using external cost. The model uses sequential equilibrium between distribution and traffic assignment phases; it is national and inter-regional, involving strategic decision-making. The Colombian transport network consists of 27,469 km of roads, 11,257 km of navigable rivers, 2,192 km of railway lines and a set of centroid connectors for establishing a link with the zoning system (consisting of 70 internal areas and 8 external areas). Each link in a network involves internal costs: time, operation and external costs, congestion, accidents, air pollution and CO2 emissions. Vehicle ownership costs were excluded from internal cost analysis; costs such as noise, climate change and effects on the landscape were not studied in external costs. Marginal costs regarding the network were estimated by two methods. First, it was assumed that an additional unit of demand did not affect equilibrium in a transport network and then marginal cost was estimated as being the sum of marginal costs regarding links in the shortest path. The other approach assumed that an additional unit of demand changed network equilibrium; marginal costs were then estimated by calculating the difference between the two equilibrium scenarios. The methods were applied to 7 selected routes covering the most important Colombian freight transport corridors. An average 0.014 US$/ton/km rate was estimated for external costs regarding highway transport, 0.000105 US$/ton/km for water transport and 0.001625 US$/ton/km for railroad transport (preponderance of environmental costs exceeding 90%).
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la investigación para la modelación estratégica de transporte de carga en Colombia incluyendo sus costos externos. El modelo utilizado sigue una estructura secuencial de equilibrio entre las fases de distribución y asignación, es de escala nacional interregional, con una perspectiva de decisiones del orden estratégico. La red de transporte utilizada consta de 27.469 km de carreteras, 11.257 km de ríos navegables, 2.192 km de ferrocarril y un conjunto de conectores de centroides para establecer el nexo con el sistema de zonificación, compuesto por 70 zonas internas y 8 zonas externas. Cada arco de la red incluye, entre los costos internos, el del tiempo y el de operación, y entre los costos externos, la congestión, accidentes, polución del aire y emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2). El análisis de costos internos no incluyó los de posesión vehicular, y en la evaluación de los costos externos no se tuvieron en cuenta los relacionados con ruido, afectación del paisaje y cambio climático. El cálculo de costos marginales sobre la red se hace aplicando dos métodos. El primero supone que la demanda adicional no afecta el equilibrio de la red y estima el costo marginal sumando los costos marginales sobre los arcos de la ruta más corta. El segundo presume variación del equilibrio existente y estima el costo marginal calculando la diferencia entre las dos situaciones de equilibrio. Los dos métodos son aplicados sobre siete corredores de transporte de carga en Colombia. En los costos externos se encuentra un promedio de 28 $/ton/km en el modo de transporte carretero; 0,21 $/ton/km en el modo de transporte fluvial y 3,25 $/ton/km en el modo de transporte ferroviario, con una preponderancia de los costos ambientales superior al 90%.
References
Beuthe M., Degrandsart F., Geerts J-F., Jourquin B., External costs of the Belgian interurban freight traffic: a network analysis of their internalisation., Transportation Research Part D 7, 2002, pp. 285-301.
Bickel, P., Friedrich, R., Link, H., Stewart, L. and NASH, C., Introducing Environmental Externalities into Transport Pricing: Measurement and Implications., Transport Reviews, Vol. 26, No. 4, July 2006, pp. 389-415.
Branston, D., Link Capacity Functions: A Review., Transportation Research 10, 1976, pp. 223-236.
Cal & Mayor y Asociados., Plan Estratégico del Transporte de Carga en Colombia., Documento Resumen, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia, 2002, pp. 8-10.
Davidson, K. B., A flow travel time relationship for use in transportation planning., Australian Road Research Board 3, 1966, pp.183-194.
Doll, C., UNITE, Case Studies 7A to 7D - Inter-urban road and rail user costs UNITE., ITS, University of Leeds, Karlsruhe, 2002, pp. 3-4.
EEA, EMEP/CORINAIR, Emission Inventory Guidebook., Technical report Nº 16, Group 7: Road Transport, Chapter B710, 2007, pp. 8-10.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Motor Vehicle Accident Costs, [Available online]: <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/techadvs/t75702>, 2005, [Reference: 11-11-2008] .
Forkenbrock, D., Comparison of External Costs of Rail and Truck Freight Transport, Transportation Research A, Vol. 35, No. 4, May 2001, pp. 321-337.
Fowkes, A.S., Nash, C.A., Tweddle, G., Valuing the attributes of freight transport quality: Results of the stated preference survey., working paper 276, ITS, University of Leeds, Yorkshire, 1989, pp. 7-16.
INFRAS,. External cost of transport., Update Study, Final Report, Zurich/Karlsruhe, October 2004, pp. 32-56.
Isis, E., Inestene, Z., Isi-Fraunhofer, Who-Eceh, Q., Quality Indicators for Transport Systems., Final Report for Publication, Contract n°: ST-96-SC-115, Rome, April 1998, pp. 28-55.
Janic, M., Modelling the full costs of an intermodal and road freight transport network., Transportation Research Part D 12, 2007, pp. 33-44.
Lindberg, G., Deliverable 9: Accident Cost Case Studies., Case Study 8d: External Accident Cost of Heavy Goods Vehicles, ITS, University of Leeds, 2002, pp. 3-19.
Mahmod, M., van Arem, B., A simulation framework for modelling the impacts of an integrated road-vehicle system on local air quality., Centre for Transport Studies, University of Twente, the Netherlands, TRAIL Research School, Delft, October 2008, pp. 1-10.
Maibach, M., Schreyer, C., Sutter, D., Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector., Report, Delft, February, 2008, pp. 23-35.
Márquez, L., Propuesta de zonificación para la modelación estratégica del transporte de carga en Colombia., Actas del XV Congreso Panamericano de Tránsito y Transporte, Cartagena, septiembre de 2008.
Márquez, L., Modelación de una red estratégica de transporte de carga en Colombia utilizando costos de externalidades., tesis presentada a la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, para optar al grado de Magíster en Ingeniería con énfasis en Transporte, Tunja, 2009.
Murphy, J. Delucci, M., A Review of the Literature on the Social Cost of Motor Vehicle Use in the United States., Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 1998, Paper UCD-ITS-REP-98-22.
National Research Council., Transportation Research Board., 2000 Highway Capacity Manual, Washington, D.C., 2000.
Nijkamp, P. Reggiani, A., Tsang, W.F., Comparative modelling of interregional transport flows: Applications to multimodal European freight transport., European Journal of Operational Research 155, 2004, pp. 584-602.
Osses, M., Henríquez, A., Modelo de emisiones vehiculares MODEM., Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 2002, pp. 1-14.
Ozbay, K., Bartin, B., Yanmaz-Tuzel, O., Berechma, J., Alternative methods for estimating full marginal costs of highway transportation., Transportation Research Part A 41, 2007, pp. 768-786.
Rizzi, L.I., Diseño de instrumentos económicos para la internalización de externalidades de accidentes de tránsito., Cuadernos de Economía, número 126, 2005, pp. 283-305.
Spiess, H. Conical Volume-Delay Functions., Transportation Science 24, 1990, pp. 153-158.
Unión Temporal Modelación del Transporte UTMT., Investigación para desarrollar y poner en funcionamiento los modelos de demanda y de oferta de transporte que permitan proponer opciones en materia de infraestructura para aumentarla competitividad de los productos colombianos., Informe final, Bogotá, 2008.
U.S., Environmental Protection Agency EPA., User´s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, EPA420-R-03-010, august 2003, pp. 184-198.
Dimensions
PlumX
Article abstract page views
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Luis Gabriel Márquez Díaz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors or holders of the copyright for each article hereby confer exclusive, limited and free authorization on the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación concerning the aforementioned article which, once it has been evaluated and approved, will be submitted for publication, in line with the following items:
1. The version which has been corrected according to the evaluators' suggestions will be remitted and it will be made clear whether the aforementioned article is an unedited document regarding which the rights to be authorized are held and total responsibility will be assumed by the authors for the content of the work being submitted to Ingeniería e Investigación, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and third-parties;
2. The authorization conferred on the journal will come into force from the date on which it is included in the respective volume and issue of Ingeniería e Investigación in the Open Journal Systems and on the journal's main page (https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ingeinv), as well as in different databases and indices in which the publication is indexed;
3. The authors authorize the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación to publish the document in whatever required format (printed, digital, electronic or whatsoever known or yet to be discovered form) and authorize Ingeniería e Investigación to include the work in any indices and/or search engines deemed necessary for promoting its diffusion;
4. The authors accept that such authorization is given free of charge and they, therefore, waive any right to receive remuneration from the publication, distribution, public communication and any use whatsoever referred to in the terms of this authorization.
