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Characterization of phase changes during fabrication of copper alloys, crystalline and non-crystalline, prepared by mechanical alloying
Caracterización de los cambios de fases en la fabricación de aleaciones base cobre, cristalinas y no cristalinas, por aleado mecánico
Keywords:
Copper based alloys, mechanical alloying, X ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (en)Aleaciones base cobre, aleado mecánico, difracción de rayos X, microscopía electrónica de transmisión (es)
The manufacture of alloys in solid state has many differences with the conventional melting (casting) process. In the case of high energy milling or mechanical alloying, phase transformations of the raw materials are promoted by a large amount of energy that is introduced by impact with the grinding medium; there is no melting, but the microstructural changes go from microstructural refinement to amorphization in solid state. This work studies the behavior of pure metals (Cu and Ni), and different binary alloys (Cu-Ni and Cu-Zr), under the same milling/mechanical alloying conditions. After high-energy milling, X ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were analyzed to determine changes in the lattice parameter and find both microstrain and crystallite sizes, which were first calculated using the Williamson-Hall (W-H) method and then compared with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. Calculations showed a relatively appropriate approach to observations with TEM; however, in general, TEM observations detect heterogeneities, which are not considered for the W-H method. As for results, in the set of pure metals, we show that pure nickel undergoes more microstrain deformations, and is more abrasive than copper (and copper alloys). In binary systems, there was a complete solid solution in the Cu-Ni system and a glass-forming ability for the Cu-Zr, as a function of the Zr content. Mathematical methods cannot be applied when the systems have amorphization because there are no equations representing this process during milling. A general conclusion suggests that, under the same milling conditions, results are very different due to the significant impact of the composition: nickel easily forms a solid solution, while with a higher zirconium content there is a higher degree of glassforming ability.
La fabricación de aleaciones en estado sólido tiene muchas diferencias con el proceso de fusión (colada) convencional. En el caso de la molienda de alta energía o aleado mecánico, las trasformaciones de fases de las materias primas son promovidas por una gran cantidad de energía que se introduce mediante impacto con medios de molienda; no hay fusión, pero sí cambios microestructurales que van desde refinamiento microestructural hasta amorfización en estado sólido. En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de metales puros (Cu y Ni) y diferentes aleaciones binarias (Cu-Ni y Cu-Zr) sometidas a las mismas condiciones de molienda con el objetivo de analizar el efecto del proceso en metales similares (Cu y Ni) y con solubilidades muy diferentes (Cu-Ni y Cu-Zr). Después de la molienda de alta energía, se analizaron los patrones de difracción de rayos X para determinar cambios en parámetros de red, y calcular las micro-deformaciones y el tamaño de las cristalitas, los cuales fueron calculados por el método de Williamson Hall (W-H), para luego ser comparados con los datos de las imágenes obtenidas por microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Los cálculos muestran una apropiada similitud con las observaciones en MET; sin embargo, en general, las observaciones muestran heterogeneidades que no son consideradas en el método de W-H. De acuerdo a los resultados, en los metales puros se observó mayor cantidad de micro-deformaciones en níquel y fue más abrasivo que el cobre. En las aleaciones binarias, el sistema Cu-Ni formó soluciones sólidas con solubilidad total y las del sistema Cu-Zr mostraron amorfización, en función del contenido de Zr. Los métodos matemáticos no pueden ser aplicados en los casos donde se detecta amorfización debido a que aún no han sido creadas ecuaciones que representen este fenómeno cuando ocurre durante la molienda. Como conclusión se observó que bajo las mismas condiciones de molienda los resultados pueden ser muy diferentes debido al impacto significativo de la composición: el níquel formó fácilmente solución sólida mientras que el circonio incremento la habilidad de formación de vidrios.
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Copyright (c) 2016 Paula Rojas, Carola Martínez, Claudio Aguilar, Francisco Briones, María Eugenia Zelaya, Danny Guzman
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