Correo Electrónico
DNINFOA - SIA
Bibliotecas
Convocatorias
Identidad U.N.
Published
Study of coagulating/flocculating characteristics of organic polymers extracted from biowaste for water treatment
Estudio de las características coagulantes/floculantes de polímeros orgánicos extraídos de residuos para el tratamiento de agua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v39n1.69703Keywords:
Coagulation/floculation, floculant aid, natural polymers, water purification. (en)Coagulación-floculación, ayudantes de floculación, polímeros naturales, potabilización (es)
The aim of this research was to evaluate the coagulating/flocculating characteristics of three natural polymers: green plantain peel starch, orange peel pectin and tamarind seed extracts in three solutions (water, sodium chloride and ammonium acetate), for the purification of raw natural water with turbidity of 5,32 NTU. Natural polymers did not present coagulant activity due to the low turbidity of raw natural water. However, they showed flocculant activity in combination with aluminum sulfate. The optimal combinations of aluminum sulfate [mg/L] + natural polymer [mg/L] were: 50+0,2 for starch, 60+0,06 for pectin, 60+0,6 for tamarind extract in water, 60+0,5 for tamarind extract in sodium chloride and 60+0,2 for tamarind extract in ammonium acetate. Removal values of turbidity and color were about 87% and 92%, respectively. Residual sludge exceeded the maximum permissible limits for discharging to the sewer system. In addition, it showed a toxic effect on the mitotic activity of onion roots with an IC50 of 0,5 to 2%.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características coagulantes/floculantes de tres polímeros naturales: almidón de cáscara de plátano verde, pectina de cáscara de naranja y extracto de semilla de tamarindo en tres soluciones (agua, cloruro de sodio y acetato de amonio), para la purificación de agua natural cruda con turbidez de 5,32 NTU. Los polímeros naturales no presentaron actividad coagulante debido a la baja turbidez del agua natural cruda. Sin embargo, mostraron actividad floculante en combinación con sulfato de aluminio. Las combinaciones óptimas de sulfato de aluminio [mg/L] + polímero natural [mg/L] fueron: 50+0,2 para almidón, 60+0,06 para pectina, 60+0,6 para extracto de tamarindo en agua, 60+0,5 para extracto de tamarindo en cloruro de sodio y 60+0,2 para extracto de tamarindo en acetato de amonio. Los valores de eliminación de turbidez y color fueron aproximadamente 87% y 92 %, respectivamente. El lodo residual excedió los límites máximos permisibles para la descarga al sistema de alcantarillado, además, mostró un efecto tóxico sobre la actividad mitótica de las raíces de cebolla a un CI50 de 0,5 a 2 %.
References
Aina, V., Barau, M., Mamman, O., Zakari, A., and Haruna, H. (2012). Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Peels of Lemon (Citrus limon), Grape Fruit (Citrus paradisi) and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis). British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 3(6), 259–262.
Antov, M., ˇS´ciban, M., Prodanovi´ c, J., Kuki´ c, D., Vasi´ c, V., Dordevi´ c, T., and Miloˇsevi´ c, M. (2018). Common oak (Quercus robur) acorn as a source of natural coagulants for water turbidity removal. Industrial Crops and Products, 117, 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.022
American Public Health Association (APHA) (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st ed.). Washington D.C.: APHA.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, and Horwitz, W. (Eds.). (2000). Food composition, additives, natural contaminants (17th ed). Arlington, Va: AOAC International.
American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM. (2013). D203513 Standard Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/D203513
Arboleda, J. (2000). Teoría y práctica de la purificación del agua (3ra. ed.) Bogotá: McGraw Hill.
Agarwal, G., Bhuptawat, H., and Chaudhari, S. (2006). Biosorption of aqueous chromium(VI) by Tamarindus
indica seeds. Bioresource Technology, 97(7), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.030
Bagula, M., Sonawane, S., and Arya, S. (2015). Tamarind seeds: chemistry, technology, applications and health benefits: A review, Indian food Industry Magazine, 34(3), 28–35.
Barreto, G., Pu´ a, A., De Alba, D., and Pión, M. (2017). Extracción y caracterización de pectina de mango de azu´ car (Mangifera indica L.), Temas agrarios, 22(1), 79– 86. https://doi.org/10.21897/rta.v22i1.918
Bongiovani, M. C., KonradtMoraes, L. C., Bergamasco, R., Louren¸co, B. S. S., and Tavares, C. R. G. (2010). Os benefícios da utiliza ¸c˜ao de coagulantes naturais para a obten¸c˜ao de água potável. Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 32(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v32i2.8238
Bourtoom, T., and Chinnan, M. (2008). Preparation and properties of rice starch–chitosan blend biodegradable film. LWT Food Science and Technology, 41(9), 1633–1641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.10.014
Bichi, M. (2013). A review of the applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(8), 1–10.
Boaventura, R., Duarte, A., and Almeida, M. (2000). Aluminum recovery from water treatment sludges. Paper presented at the IV International Conference on Water Supply and Water Quality, Cracóvia.
ChasquibolSilva, N., ArroyoBenites, E., and MoralesGomero, J. C. (2008). Extracción y caracterización de pectinas obtenidas a partir de frutos de la biodiversidad peruana. Ingeniería Industrial, (026), 175–199. http://doi.org/10.26439/ing.ind2008.n026.640
Choy, S. Y., Prasad, K. M. N., Wu, T. Y., Raghunandan, M. E., and Ramanan, R. N. (2014). Utilization of plantbased natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 26(11), 2178–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.024
Choy, S. Y., Prasad, K. M. N., Wu, T. Y., and Ramanan, R. N. (2015). A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plantbased natural coagulants in water clarification. International journal of environmental science and technology, 12(1), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1376201304462
Chu, W. (1999). Lead metal removal by recycled alum sludge. Water Research, 33(13), 3019–3025. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00431354(99)00010X
Cogollo, J. (2011). Clarificación de aguas usando coagulantes polimerizados: caso del hidroxicloruro de aluminio. Dyna, 78(165), 1827.
Demiate, I. M., Dupuy, N., Huvenne, J. P., Cereda, M. P., and Wosiacki, G. (2000). Relationship between baking behavior of modified cassava starches and starch chemical structure determined by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Polymers, 42(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01448617(99)001526
Devia, J. (2003). Proceso para producir Pectinas Cítricas. Universidad EAFIT, 129, 21–29. Farhaoui, M., and Derraz, M. (2016). Review on optimization of drinking water treatment process. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8(08), 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.88063
FeriaDíaz, J., PoloCorrales, L., and HernandezRamos, E. (2016). Evaluation of coagulation sludge from raw water treated with Moringa oleifera for agricultural use. Ingeniería e Investigación, 36(2), 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v36n2.56986
Ferrari, C., Genena, A., and Lenhard, D. (2016). Use of natural coagulants in the treatment of food industry effluent replacing ferric chloride: a review. Científica, 44(3), 310–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/19845529.2016v44n3p310317
García, B. (2007, diciembre 13). Metodología de extracción in situ de coagulantes naturales para la clarificación de agua superficial. Aplicación en países en vías de desarrollo (Master’s Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia) Recuperado de: https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/12458/Tesis%20de%20Master_BEATRIZ%20GARCIA%20FAYOS.pdf?sequence=1
Ghebremichael, K., Gunaratna, K., Henriksson, H., Brumer, H., and Dalhammar, G. (2005). A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed. Water Research, 39(11), 2338–2344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.012
González, G., Chávez, M., Mejías, D., Mas y Rubí, M., Fernández, N., and León de Pinto, G. (2006). Use of exudated gum produced by Samanea saman in the potabilization of the water. Revista Técnica de la Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad del Zulia, 29(1), 14–22.
Hayder, G., and Rahim, A. A. (2015). Effect of Mixing Natural Coagulant with Alum on Water Treatment. Paper presented at the 3rd National Graduate Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Recuperado de http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/10229
Hernández, B., Mendoza, I., Salamanca, M., Fuentes, L., and Caldera, Y. (2013). Semillas de tamarindo (tamarindus indica) como coagulante en aguas con alta turbiedad. REDIELUZ, 3 (1 y 2), 91–96.
Hernández Medina, M., TorrucoUco, J. G., ChelGuerrero, L., and BetancurAncona, D. (2008). Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tub´ erculos cultivados en Yucatán, M´ exico. Ciencia E Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3), 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1590/S010120612008000300031
Ilori, M., Adebusoye, S., lawal, A., and Awotiwon, O. (2007). Production of Biogas from Banana and Plantain Peels. AmericanEurasian Network for Scientific Information, 1(1), 33–38.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC). (2016). Información Ambiental en Hogares 2016. Quito: Grupo T´ecnico DEAGA. Recuperado de http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/webinec/Encuestas_Ambientales/Hogares/Hogares_2016/Documento%20tecnico.pdf
Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN) (2014). NTE INEN 1108: Agua Potable. Requisitos. Quito: INEN. Recuperado a partir de http://normaspdf.inen.gob.ec/pdf/nte/11085.pdf
Ishikawa, S., Ueda, N., Okumura, Y., Iida, Y., and Baba, K. (2007). Recovery of coagulant from water supply plant sludge and its effect on clarification. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 9(2), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1016300701731
Joshi, S., and Shrivastava, K. (2011). Recovery of Alum Coagulant from Water Treatment Plant Sludge: A Greener Approach for Water Purification. International Journal of Advanced
Computer Research, 2(1), 101–103.
Kaur, G., Jain, S., and Tiwary, A. (2009). Chitosancarboxymethyl tamarind kernel powder interpolymer complexation: investigations for colon drug delivery. Scientia pharmaceutica, 78(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.090810
Li, W., Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., and Zhu, X. (2008). Flocculation behavior and mechanism of an exopolysaccharide from the deep-sea psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913. Bioresource technology, 99(15), 6893–6899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.050
Liu, L, Finkenstadt, V., Liu, C., Jin, T., Fishman, M, and Hicks, K. (2007). Preparation of poly(lactic acid) and pectin composite films intended for applications in antimicrobial packaging. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106(2), 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26590
Megersa, M., Beyene, A., Ambelu, A., and Triest, L. (2018). Comparison of purified and crude extracted coagulants from plant species for turbidity removal. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1376201818442
Mihelcic, J., and Zimmerman, J. (2012). Ingeniería Ambiental fundamentos, sustentabilidad, diseño (1ra ed.). México: Alfaomega.
Mishra, R. K., Datt, M., and Banthia, A. K. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of pectin/PVP hydrogel membranes for drug delivery system. Aaps Pharmscitech, 9(2), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1208/s1224900890486
Nasrin, T., Noomhorm, A., and Anal, A. (2015). PhysicoChemical Characterization of Culled Plantain Pulp Starch, Peel Starch, and Flour. International Journal of Food Properties, 18(1), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2013.828747
Ndabigengesere, A., and Narasiah, K. (1998). Quality of water treated by coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds. Water research, 32(3), 781–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/s00431354(97)002959
Ozacar, M., and ¸ Sengíl, ˙I. (2002). The use of tannins from turkish acorns (valonia) in water treatment as a coagulant and coagulant aid. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 26(3), 255–264.
Pal, S., Sen, G., Mishra, S., Dey, R. and Jha, U. (2008). Carboxymethyl tamarind: Synthesis, characterization and its application as novel drugdelivery agent. Journal of applied polymer science, 110(1), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28455
Panizza-de-León, A., Aldama-Ojeda, A., Chacalo-Hilu, A., Vaca-Mier, M., Grabinsky-Steider, J., Márquez-Herrera, C., and Durán-de-Bazúa, C. (2008). Evaluación del compost elaborado a partir de lodos con alto contenido de sulfato de aluminio. Revista Latinoamericana de Recursos Naturales, 4(3), 342–348.
Paredes, J., Hernández, R., and Cañizares, A. (2015). Efecto del grado de madurez sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de pectinas extraídas de cascos de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.). Idesia (Arica), 33(3), 3541. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S071834292015000300006
Patel, H., and Vashi, R. (2010). Adsorption of crystal violet dye onto tamarind seed powder. Journal of Chemistry, 7(3), 975–984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/143439
Pavón, T., Pacheco, V., and Cárdenas, L. (2005). Tratamiento de lodos de una planta potabilizadora para la recuperación de aluminio y hierro como coagulantes. Ingeniería sanitaria y ambiental, 78, 6064.
Peruço, J., Lenz, G., Fiori, R., and Bergamasco, R. (2013). Coagulants and Natural Polymers: Perspectives for the Treatment of Water. Plastic and Polymer Technology, 2(3), 55–62.
Pritchard, M., Craven, T., Mkandawire, T., Edmondson, A., and O’Neill, J. (2010). A comparison between Moringa oleifera and chemical coagulants in the purification of drinking water – An alternative sustainable solution for developing countries. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 35(13–14), 798–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.07.014
Qin, R., Jiao, Y., Zhang, S., Jiang, W., and Liu, D. (2010). Effects of aluminum on nucleoli in root tip cells and selected physiological and biochemical characters in Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 225. Recuperado de http://www.biomedcentral.com/14712229/10/225
Ramadan, M., Fouad, H., and Hassanain, A. (2008). Reuse of water treatment plant sludge in brick manufacturing. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 4(10), 12231229.
Romero, P., and Cantú, A. (2008). Ensayos toxicológicos para la evaluación de sustancias químicas en agua y suelo: la experiencia en México. México D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Ecología.
Sánchez, S., and Untiveros, G. (2004). Determinación de la actividad floculante de la pectina en soluciones de Hierro III y Cromo III. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú, 70(4), 201–208.
Saranya, P., Ramesh, S., and Gandhimathi, R. (2014). Effectiveness of natural coagulants from non-plant-based sources for water and wastewater treatment—a review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(31–33), 60306039. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.812993
Saritha, V., Srinivas, N., and Vuppala, N. (2017). Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation process. Applied Water Science, 7(1), 451460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s132010140262y
Sharma, P., Joshi, R., Sharma, S., and Hsiao, B. (2017). A simple approach to prepare carboxycellulose nanofibers from untreated biomass. Biomacromolecules, 18(8), 23332342. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00544
Sharma, P., Chattopadhyay, A., Sharma, S., Geng, L., Amiralian, N., Martin, D., and Hsiao, B. (2018). Nanocellulose from Spinifex as an Effective Adsorbent to Remove Cadmium (II) from Water. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(3), 32793290. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03473
Sharma, P., Chattopadhyay, A., Zhan, C., Sharma, S., Geng, L., and Hsiao, B. (2018). Lead removal from water using carboxycellulose nanofibers prepared by nitrooxidation method. Cellulose, 25(3), 19611973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1057001816599
Silva, M. (2015). Potabilización. Procesos y Diseños de Plantas (1ra.). Quito, Ecuador: Edicumbre.
Suay, L., and Ballester, F. (2002). Revisión de los estudios sobre exposición al aluminio y enfermedad de Alzheimer. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 76(6), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1590/S113557272002000600002
Sujka, M., and Jamroz, J. (2013). Ultrasoundtreated starch: SEM and TEM imaging, and functional behaviour. Food Hydrocolloids, 31(2), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.11.027
TULSMA. (2015) NORMA DE CALIDAD AMBIENTAL Y DE DESCARGA DE EFLUENTES?: RECURSO AGUA (Libro VI Anexo 1). Quito: Presidencia de la República. Recuperado de http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ecu112180.pdf
Vaclavik, V., and Christian, E. (2014). Essentials of Food Science. New York, NY: Springer New York. Recuperado de http://link.springer.com/10.1007/9781461491385
Vane, L., and Zang, G. (1997). Effect of aqueous phase properties on clay particle zeta potential and electro-osmotic permeability: Implications for electrokinetic soil remediation processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 55(13), 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S03043894(97)000101
Vijayaraghavan, G., Sivakumar, T., and Kumar, A. (2011). Application of plant based coagulants for waste water treatment. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 1(1), 88–92.
WaterQualityAssociation. (2013). Aluminium Fact Sheet. Lisle, Illinois: WaterQuality Association, National Headquarters and Laboratory. Recuperado de https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Aluminum.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for Drinkingwater Quality. Malta: WHO. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf
Xu, Y., Kim, K., Hanna, M., and Nag, D. (2005). Chitosan–starch composite film: preparation and characterization. Industrial crops and Products, 21(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s09266690(4)00048-2
How to Cite
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Download Citation
CrossRef Cited-by
1. Isana Makabe, Natsumi Sasamoto, Yosuke Shida, Wataru Ogasawara, Masayuki Takeguchi. (2022). Effect of Proteins and Polysaccharides on the Adsorption of Cellulose Fibers in Geotrichum sp. M111-M3. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU, 48(3), p.104. https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.48.104.
2. Saúl David Buelvas-Caro, Yelitza del Rosario Aguas-Mendoza, Rafael Enrique Olivero-Verbel. (2020). Clarification of superficial waters of the magdalena river using seeds of Tamarindus indica as bio-coagulants. Respuestas, 25(2), p.170. https://doi.org/10.22463/0122820X.2960.
3. Marlene A. Velazco-Medel, Luis A. Camacho-Cruz, José C. Lugo-González, Emilio Bucio. (2022). Membrane Based Methods for Dye Containing Wastewater. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. , p.263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4823-6_10.
4. Amal Halder. (2025). Unlocking the Water Purification Potential of Fruit Waste: A Review. Current World Environment, 20(1), p.06. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.20.1.2.
5. L Dellarosa, AT Tunggadewi, B Ratnawati, JRP Widya, RS Mahdius. (2025). Solid Waste-Based Natural Coagulants: A Sustainable Approach for Eco-Friendly Wastewater Treatment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1556(1), p.012066. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1556/1/012066.
6. David Choque-Quispe, Betsy Suri Ramos-Pacheco, Carlos Alberto Ligarda-Samanez, Gloria Inés Barboza-Palomino, Aydeé Kari-Ferro, Fredy Taipe-Pardo, Yudith Choque-Quispe. (2020). Heavy metal removal by biopolymers-based formulations with native potato starch/nopal mucilage. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20201112.
7. Fabiola Alcalde-Garcia, Shiv Prasher, Serge Kaliaguine, Jason Robert Tavares, Marie-Josée Dumont. (2023). Desorption Strategies and Reusability of Biopolymeric Adsorbents and Semisynthetic Derivatives in Hydrogel and Hydrogel Composites Used in Adsorption Processes. ACS Engineering Au, 3(6), p.443. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00022.
8. Sebastian Ponce, Jose Alvarez-Barreto, Daniela Almeida. (2021). Latest energy and value-added product synthesis. ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías, 13(1), p.21. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v13i1.1929.
9. Bouthaina Othmani, Maria Graça Rasteiro, Moncef Khadhraoui. (2020). Toward green technology: a review on some efficient model plant-based coagulants/flocculants for freshwater and wastewater remediation. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22(5), p.1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01858-3.
10. Obaida ALHAJALİ, Adnan ALİ - NİZAM, Rasha ALMOSTAFA. (2022). Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity Studies. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 9(3), p.759. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1026262.
Dimensions
PlumX
Article abstract page views
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2019 María Belén Aldás Sandoval, Brenda Belén Buenaño Bautista, Edwin Rafael Vera Calle
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors or holders of the copyright for each article hereby confer exclusive, limited and free authorization on the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación concerning the aforementioned article which, once it has been evaluated and approved, will be submitted for publication, in line with the following items:
1. The version which has been corrected according to the evaluators' suggestions will be remitted and it will be made clear whether the aforementioned article is an unedited document regarding which the rights to be authorized are held and total responsibility will be assumed by the authors for the content of the work being submitted to Ingeniería e Investigación, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and third-parties;
2. The authorization conferred on the journal will come into force from the date on which it is included in the respective volume and issue of Ingeniería e Investigación in the Open Journal Systems and on the journal's main page (https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ingeinv), as well as in different databases and indices in which the publication is indexed;
3. The authors authorize the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's journal Ingeniería e Investigación to publish the document in whatever required format (printed, digital, electronic or whatsoever known or yet to be discovered form) and authorize Ingeniería e Investigación to include the work in any indices and/or search engines deemed necessary for promoting its diffusion;
4. The authors accept that such authorization is given free of charge and they, therefore, waive any right to receive remuneration from the publication, distribution, public communication and any use whatsoever referred to in the terms of this authorization.
