Publicado

2023-01-01

COVID-19 in pregnant women and neonates: Clinical characteristics and laboratory and imaging findings. An overview of systematic reviews

COVID-19 en gestantes y neonatos: características clínicas y hallazgos de laboratorio e imagenológicos. Un resumen de revisiones sistemáticas

Palabras clave:

Pregnant Women, Infant, Newborn, Coronavirus Infections, COVID-19 (en)
Mujeres embarazadas, Recién nacido, Infecciones por coronavirus, COVID-19 (es)

Descargas

Autores/as

  • Paola Cristina Toapanta-Pinta Universidad Central del Ecuador - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Carrera de Obstetricia - Quito - Ecuador. | Universidade de São Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina de Riberão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-2504
  • Cristhian Santiago Vasco-Toapanta Universidad San Francisco de Quito - Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud - Quito - Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-9836
  • Alonso Ernesto Herrera-Tasiguano Universidad Central del Ecuador - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Carrera de Enfermería - Quito - Ecuador. | Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador - Facultad de Medicina - Quito - Ecuador. | Hospital Gineco Obstétrico Isidro Ayora - Servicio de Neonatología - Quito - Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-5606
  • Catalina Angélica Verdesoto-Jácome Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador - Facultad de Medicina - Quito - Ecuador. | Hospital Gineco Obstétrico Isidro Ayora - Servicio de Neonatología - Quito - Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-9023
  • María José Páez-Pástor Universidad Central del Ecuador - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Carrera de Obstetricia - Quito - Ecuador. | Hospital Gineco Obstétrico Isidro Ayora - Servicio de Neonatología - Quito - Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-5018
  • Santiago Vasco-Morales Universidad Central del Ecuador - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Carrera de Obstetricia - Quito - Ecuador. | Universidade de São Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina de Riberão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil. | Hospital Gineco Obstétrico Isidro Ayora - Servicio de Neonatología - Quito - Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1370-9700

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection in the perinatal period may be associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in both the mother and the neonate.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and laboratory and imaging findings in pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns.

Materials and methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for systematic reviews published between February 1, 2020, and May 30, 2021, describing clinical characteristics and laboratory and imaging (chest) findings in pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns; there were no language restrictions. Data were reanalyzed by means of Bayesian meta-analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO under code CRD42020178329.

Results: Six systematic reviews were retrieved (for a total of 617 primary studies). A narrative synthesis of the percentage of signs, symptoms, and imaging and laboratory findings found in both mothers and neonates was performed. Odds ratios (OR) between pregnant women with and without COVID-19 were: fetal well-being involvement: 1.9 (95%CI: 1.09-3.63); stillbirth: 1.73 (95%CI: 1.01-2.94); preterm birth: 1.77 (95%CI: 1.25-2.61); and maternal admission to the intensive care unit (ICU): 6.75 (95%CI: 1-31.19). Regarding symptomatology, an OR of 0.67 (95%CI: 0.51-0.93) was obtained for myalgia between pregnant women and non-pregnant women with COVID-19.

Conclusions: Cough, fever, dyspnea, and myalgia are the most common symptoms in pregnant women with COVID-19; in addition, there is a higher risk of admission to the ICU among them. Regarding complementary testing, the most frequent alterations are lymphopenia and the evidence of lesions in chest imaging studies. The presence of COVID-19 in pregnant women is associated with preterm birth. It seems that SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates is not severe and that the risk of vertical transmission is low, considering that no data on congenital malformations attributable to the virus were found.

Introducción. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en el periodo perinatal puede asociarse a un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad tanto en la madre como en el neonato.

Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas y los hallazgos de laboratorio e imagenológicos en gestantes con COVID-19 y sus recién nacidos.

Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas, publicadas entre el 1 de febrero de 2020 y el 30 de mayo de 2021, que describieran características clínicas y hallazgos de exámenes de laboratorio y de imagen (tórax) en gestantes con COVID-19 y sus recién nacidos; no hubo restricciones de idioma. Se reanalizaron los datos mediante metaanálisis bayesianos utilizando métodos de Monte Carlo basados en Cadenas de Markov. El protocolo del estudio está registrado en PROSPERO bajo el código CRD42020178329.

Resultados. Se recuperaron 6 revisiones sistemáticas (para un total de 617 estudios primarios). Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de las proporciones de los signos, síntomas y hallazgos imagenológicos y de laboratorio tanto de las madres, como de los neonatos. Las Odds ratio (OR) entre las embarazadas con y sin COVID-19 fueron: compromiso del bienestar fetal: 1.9 (IC95%:1.09-3.63), mortinato: 1.73 (IC95%:1.01-2.94), nacimiento prematuro: 1.77 (IC95%:1.25-2.61) y admisión de la madre a unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI): 6.75 (IC95%: 1-31.19). Con relación a la sintomatología: la OR para la mialgia entre las embarazadas y las no embarazadas con COVID-19 fue 0.67 (IC95%:0.51-0.93).

Conclusiones. Los síntomas más comunes en las embarazadas con COVID-19 son tos, fiebre, disnea y mialgias; además, existe un mayor riesgo de ingreso a UCI. En lo que respecta a los exámenes complementarios, las alteraciones más frecuentes son la linfopenia y las lesiones evidenciadas en los estudios de imagen del tórax. La presencia de COVID-19 en las gestantes se asocia con nacimiento prematuro. Al parecer, la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en neonatos no es grave y el riesgo de transmisión vertical es bajo, pues no se encontraron datos sobre malformaciones congénitas atribuibles al virus.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Palacios-Cruz M, Santos E, Velázquez-Cervantes MA, León-Juárez M. COVID-19, a worldwide public health emergency. Rev Clin Esp. 2020;221(1):55-61. https://doi.org/ggqfmw.

Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, et al. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2016;24(6):490-502. https://doi.org/f8pkg7.

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. https://doi.org/ggj5cg.

Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Actualización Epidemiológica: Enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) - 15 de octubre de 2020. OPS; 2020.

Castro P, Matos AP, Werner H, Lopes FP, Tonni G, Araujo-Júnior E. Covid-19 and Pregnancy: An Overview. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(7):420-6.

World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Geneva: WHO; 2020.

Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan-Khatibi SM, Razi-Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176. https://doi.org/gq73ht.

Mehta OP, Bhandari P, Raut A, Kacimi SEO, Huy NT. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation. Front Public Health. 2021;8:582932. https://doi.org/gj9r3p.

Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):562-9. https://doi.org/dpvk.

Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):548-51. https://doi.org/ggpxc2.

Ng MY, Lee EYP, Yang J, Yang F, Li X, Wang H, et al. Imaging Profile of the COVID-19 Infection: Radiologic Findings and Literature Review. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;2(1):e200034. https://doi.org/ggrz6d.

Dashraath P, Wong JLJ, Lim MXK, Lim LM, Li S, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):521-31. https://doi.org/ggq8kh.

Narang K, Enninga EAL, Gunaratne MDSK, Ibirogba ER, Trad ATA, Elrefaei A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 During Pregnancy: A Multidisciplinary Review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1750-65. https://doi.org/ghc5tp.

Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320 [udated 2021 Febrary 2]. https://doi.org/d9nw.

Khan DSA, Pirzada AN, Ali A, Salam RA, Das JK, Lassi ZS. The Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Prognosis of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5613. https://doi.org/jz46.

Juan J, Gil MM, Rong Z, Zhang Y, Yang H, Poon LC. Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome: systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56(1):15-27. https://doi.org/ggxz23.

Vasco S, Herreo A, Verdesoto C, Vasco C, Toapanta P, Paéz-Pástor MJ. Overviews of Reviews of the comorbidities, symptoms and perinatal clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). PROSPERO; 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 12]; Available from: https://bit.ly/3Jqvr3C.

Joanna Briggs Institute. Checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses. Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.

Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, et al. (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 6.1 [updated September 2020]. Cochrane; 2020.

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. Manual GRADE para calificar la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de la recomendación. 2017.

Kruschke JK, Liddell TM. The Bayesian New Statistics: Hypothesis testing, estimation, meta-analysis, and power analysis from a Bayesian perspective. Psychon Bull Rev. 2018;25(1):178-206. https://doi.org/gc3gmn.

Martinez EZ, Achar JA, Coelho-Barros EA, Molina-de Souza R. Uma introdução aos métodos bayesianos aplicados à análise de dados. Cia do eBo. Cia do eBook; 2019.

Sutton AJ, Abrams KR. Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis. Stat Methods Med Res. 2001;10(4):277-303. https://doi.org/gc5p9r.

Vasco-Morales S, Vasco-Toapanta CS, Toapanta-Pinta PC. Características clínicas, radiológicas y de laboratorio en pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19: Revisión sistemática viva. Rev. Fac. Med. 2021;69(1):e90222. https://doi.org/jz5b.

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. https://doi.org/gfkdzd.

The R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [software]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020 [cited 2023 Mar 9]. Available from: https://bit.ly/3yp02rJ.

JASP T. JASP [software]. JAPS; 2020 [cited 2023 Mar 9]. Available from: https://bit.ly/3mGZHxX.

Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh-Neshin SA, Ghorbani S, Bose D, Alimohammadi S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID‐19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):e2208. https://doi.org/gm2hxz.

Wei SQ, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Liu S, Auger N. The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2021;193(16):E540-8. https://doi.org/gjjr58.

Huntley BJF, Mulder IA, Di Mascio D, Vintzileos WS, Vintzileos AM, Berghella V, et al. Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Individuals With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(4):585-96. https://doi.org/gp5qvb.

Novoa RH, Quintana W, Llancarí P, Urbina-Quispe K, Guevara-Ríos E, Ventura W. Maternal clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019. A systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021;39:101919. https://doi.org/gp5q26.

Mehta N, Chen K, Hardy E, Powrie R. Respiratory disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(5):598-611. https://doi.org/f7k2xc.

Gil R, Bitar P, Deza C, Dreyse J, Florenzano M, Ibarra C, et al. Cuadro clínico del COVID-19. Rev Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2021;32(1):20-9. https://doi.org/jz7m.

Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, Tong VT, et al. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. https://doi.org/gjtbgk.

Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433. https://doi.org/ggnf4q.

Cheung KS, N Hung IFN, Chan PPY, Lung KC, Tso E, Liu R, et al. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples From a Hong Kong Cohort: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(1):81-95. https://doi.org/ggrqjr.

Isakbaeva ET, Khetsuriani N, Beard RS, Peck A, Erdman D, Monroe SS, et al. SARS-associated Coronavirus Transmission, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):225-31. https://doi.org/ggq97p.

Schmulson M, Dávalos MF, Berumen J. Alerta: los síntomas gastrointestinales podrían ser una manifestación de la COVID-19. Rev Gastroenterol México. 2020;85(3):282-7. https://doi.org/ggvc4q.

Cheong J, Bartell N, Peeraphatdit T, Mosli M, Al-Judaibi B. Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations of COVID-19. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(5):226-32. https://doi.org/jz7v.

Patel KP, Patel PA, Vunnam RR, Hewlett AT, Jain R, Jing R, et al. Gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic manifestations of COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020;128:104386. https://doi.org/ggvqpg.

Lee IC, Huo TI, Huang YH. Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020;83(6):521-3. https://doi.org/ggq7nv.

Cabello H, Manieu D, Ruiz M. Enfermedades respiratorias en el embarazo. Rev. Chil. Enferm. Respir. 2003;19(3):160-5. https://doi.org/dspsb4.

Aldabe D, Ribeiro DC, Milosavljevic S, Dawn-Bussey M. Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain and its relationship with relaxin levels during pregnancy: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(9):1769-76. https://doi.org/f39cr8.

Capobianco G, Saderi L, Aliberti S, Mondoni M, Piana A, Dessole F, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:543-58. https://doi.org/gg5kj4.

Papapanou M, Papaioannou M, Petta A, Routsi E, Farmaki M, Vlahos N, et al. Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):596. https://doi.org/gk68qn.

Wang Z, Wang Z, Xiong G. Clinical characteristics and laboratory results of pregnant women with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020;150(3):312-7. https://doi.org/gm2hw8.

Dubey P, Reddy SY, Manuel S, Dwivedi AK. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes among COVID-19 infected women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:490-501. https://doi.org/gg5xtq.

Xie J, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang T, Chen L, Zuo X, et al. Clinical characteristics, laboratory abnormalities and CT findings of COVID-19 patients and risk factors of severe disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(2):1928-49. https://doi.org/gh28v5.

Zare ME, Wang Y, Nasir-Kansestani A, Almasi A, Zhang J. Procalcitonin has good accuracy for prognosis of critical condition and mortality in COVID-19: A diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;19(6):557-69. https://doi.org/gm2kdn.

Szpakowski M, Nowak M, Oszukowski P, Wieczorek A, Skotnicka A. [C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy]. Ginekol Pol. 1996;67(1):17-20.

Diba-Bagtash F, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Ghasemzadeh A, Lotz L, Fattahi A, Shahnazi M, et al. Maternal C-reactive protein and in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2020;37(11):2635-41. https://doi.org/jz7z.

Chandra S, Tripathi AK, Mishra S, Amzarul M, Vaish AK. Physiological changes in hematological parameters during pregnancy. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2012;28(3):144-6. https://doi.org/jz72.

Servante J, Swallow G, Thornton JG, Myers B, Munireddy S, Malinowski AK, et al. Haemostatic and thrombo-embolic complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic review and critical analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):108. https://doi.org/gpxwq4.

Liu H, Liu F, Li J, Zhang T, Wang D, Lan W. Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: Focus on pregnant women and children. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e7-13. https://doi.org/ggpxpz.

Oshay RR, Chen MYC, Fields BKK, Demirjian NL, Lee RS, Mosallaei D, et al. COVID-19 in pregnancy: a systematic review of chest CT findings and associated clinical features in 427 patients. Clin Imaging. 2021;75:75-82. https://doi.org/gn9ztq.

Sánchez-Oro R, Torres-Nuez J, Martínez-Sanz G. Radiological findings for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (COVID-19). Med Clínica (Barc). 2020;155(1):36-40. https://doi.org/ggtzqt.

Matar R, Alrahmani L, Monzer N, Debiane LG, Berbari E, Fares J, et al. Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):521-33. https://doi.org/ghc5sr.

Karimi L, Makvandi S, Vahedian-Azimi A, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Effect of COVID-19 on Mortality of Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pregnancy. 2021;2021:8870129. https://doi.org/gjjr57.

La Verde M, Riemma G, Torella M, Cianci S, Savoia F, Licciardi F, et al. Maternal death related to COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis focused on maternal co‐morbidities and clinical characteristics. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2021;154(2):212-9. https://doi.org/gpqtmm.

Cuñarro-López Y, Pintado-Recarte P, Cueto-Hernández I, Hernández-Martín C, Payá-Martínez MP, Muñóz-Chápuli MDM, et al. The Profile of the Obstetric Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection According to Country of Origin of the Publication: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):360. https://doi.org/gk66cw.

Chen S, Liao E, Cao D, Gao Y, Sun G, Shao Y. Clinical analysis of pregnant women with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1556-61. https://doi.org/ggqh3d.

Li X, Sun X, Carmeliet P. Hallmarks of endothelial cell metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab. 2019;30(3):414-33. https://doi.org/gg7zpc.

Ji HL, Zhao R, Matalon S, Matthay MA. Elevated plasmin (ogen) as a common risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1065-75. https://doi.org/ggq8kw.

Wastnedge EAN, Reynolds RM, van Boeckel SR, Stock SJ, Denison FC, Maybin JA, et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiol Rev. 2021;101(1):303-18. https://doi.org/gjpghs.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/ggjfnn.

Al-Omari A, Rabaan AA, Salih S, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019:93(3):265-85. https://doi.org/gk6vrf.

Shek CC, Ng PC, Fung GP, Cheng FW, Chan PK, Peiris MJ, et al. Infants born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):e254. https://doi.org/fwxrnz.

Woodworth KR, Olsen EO, Neelam V, Lewis EL, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, et al. Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy — SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1635-40. https://doi.org/gm2hx6.

Centeno‐Tablante E, Medina‐Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Rayco‐Solon P, Garcia‐Casal MN, Rogers L, et al. Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1484(1):32-54. https://doi.org/gmzjpw.

Mirbeyk M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;304(1):5-38. https://doi.org/gk68kr.

Barcelos IDES, Penna IAA, Soligo AG, Costa ZB, Martins WP. Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obs. 2021;43(3):207-15. https://doi.org/jz79.

Cai J, Tang M, Gao Y, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang D, et al. Cesarean Section or Vaginal Delivery to Prevent Possible Vertical Transmission From a Pregnant Mother Confirmed With COVID-19 to a Neonate: A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:634949. https://doi.org/gjmzz5.

Neef V, Buxmann H, Rabenau HF, Zacharowski K, Raimann FJ. Characterization of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neonatol. 2021;62(1):11-20. https://doi.org/gmcrfn.

Liu H, Wang LL, Zhao SJ, Kwak-Kim J, Mor G, Liao AH. Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint. J Reprod Immunol. 2020;139:103122. https://doi.org/ggqhnz.

Coyne CB, Lazear HM. Zika virus-reigniting the TORCH. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(11):707-15. https://doi.org/jz8b.

Raschetti R, Vivanti AJ, Vauloup-Fellous C, Loi B, Benachi A, De Luca D. Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5164. https://doi.org/ghhdtn.

Di Toro F, Gjoka M, Di Lorenzo G, De Santo D, De Seta F, Maso G, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(1):36-46. https://doi.org/gjmz2g.

Chamseddine RS, Wahbeh F, Chervenak F, Salomon LJ, Ahmed B, Rafii A. Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review. J Pregnancy. 2020;2020:4592450. https://doi.org/jz8c.

Wang CL, Liu YY, Wu CH, Wang CY, Wang CH, Long CY. Impact of covid-19 on pregnancy. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(3):763-7. https://doi.org/gjpwbm.

Vergara‐Merino L, Meza N, Couve‐Pérez C, Carrasco C, Ortiz‐Muñoz L, Madrid E, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes related to COVID‐19 and pregnancy: overview of systematic reviews. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(7):1200-18. https://doi.org/gm2hxv.

Han Y, Ma H, Suo M, Han F, Wang F, Ji J, et al. Clinical manifestation, outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 and the possibility of vertical transmission: A systematic review of the current data. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(9):912-24. https://doi.org/jz8d.

Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Declaración de la OMS sobre tasas de cesárea. Resumen ejecutivo. Ginebra: OMS; 2015.

Ahearne CE, Boylan GB, Murray DM. Short and long-term prognosis in perinatal asphyxia: An update. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5(1):67-74. https://doi.org/ggsdps.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York: UNICEF; 2019.

Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020;150(1):47-52. https://doi.org/ggtsg6.

Vassilopoulou E, Feketea G, Koumbi L, Mesiari C, Berghea EC, Konstantinou GN. Breastfeeding and COVID-19: From Nutrition to Immunity. Front Immunol. 2021;12:661806. https://doi.org/gp5qrt.

Rodrigues C, Baía I, Domingues R, Barros H. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Published Pregnancy Cases. Front Public Heal. 2020;8:558144. https://doi.org/gk7pcj.

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2022 Revista de la Facultad de Medicina

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 Unported.

-