Publicado

2025-09-10

Evolución y manejo de un segundo episodio de trombosis en válvula protésica mecánica mitral. Reporte de caso

Evolution and management of a second episode of prosthetic mitral heart valve thrombosis: Case report

Palabras clave:

Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas, Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral, Trombosis, Terapia Trombolítica (es)
Heart Valve Prosthesis, Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Thrombosis, Thrombolytic Therapy (en)

Autores/as

Resumen

Introducción. La trombosis de la válvula protésica (TVP) es una complicación potencialmente mortal del reemplazo valvular cardíaco protésico, en la cual la elección del tratamiento continúa siendo controversial debido a las múltiples opciones terapéuticas farmacológicas y quirúrgicas, y a la falta de datos prospectivos y de estudios clínicos aleatorizados.
Presentación del caso. Mujer de 28 años con antecedente de lupus eritematoso sistémico y valvulopatías mitral y tricuspídea secundarias a fiebre reumática, quién requirió reemplazo valvular mitral mecánico. En 2020, la paciente asistió al servicio de urgencias de una institución de salud de cuarto nivel de atención de Bogotá (Colombia) por disnea y dolor torácico. Se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico en el que se observó TVP mecánica mitral, la cual fue manejada con trombólisis en esquema ultra lento con alteplasa, sin requerimiento de manejo quirúrgico. En 2023, la joven ingresó nuevamente al servicio de urgencias de la misma institución con dolor torácico opresivo, disnea progresiva y cefalea. En esta ocasión se realizó una ecografía cardiaca focalizada a pie de cama en la que se observó disfunción de la válvula protésica, por lo que se estableció que presentaba un nuevo episodio de TVP que se trató inicialmente con trombólisis en esquema ultralento con alteplasa; sin embargo, ante el deterioro clínico se decidió realizar cirugía para limpiar la válvula protésica mecánica mitral. En este procedimiento la paciente presentó complicaciones y requirió transfusión masiva y apoyo con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea; no obstante, en el posoperatorio evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue dada de alta a los 26 días de su ingreso.
Conclusión. El manejo de la TVP continúa siendo controversial dada la ausencia de estudios prospectivos y clínicos aleatorizados sobre el tema, y debido a que es de alto riesgo independientemente de la opción de abordaje que se siga (fibrinólisis o cirugía), es importante establecer el tratamiento teniendo en cuenta las condiciones clínicas de cada paciente.

Abstract

Introduction: Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is a potentially fatal complication of prosthetic heart valve replacement. Treatment selection remains controversial due to the multiple pharmacological and surgical options available and the lack of prospective data and randomized clinical trials. 

Case presentation: A 28-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and mitral and tricuspid valve disease secondary to rheumatic fever required mechanical mitral valve replacement. In 2020, the patient visited the emergency department of a tertiary care center in Bogotá, Colombia, due to dyspnea and chest pain. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, revealing mechanical mitral valve prolapse, which was managed with ultra-slow thrombolysis with alteplase, although surgical intervention was not required. In 2023, the patient was readmitted to the emergency department of the same institution with oppressive chest pain, progressive dyspnea, and headache. On this occasion, a focused cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (FoCUS) was performed, showing a prosthetic valve dysfunction that indicated a new episode of PVT, which was initially treated with ultra-slow thrombolysis and alteplase. However, given the deterioration in her clinical condition, it was decided to perform surgery to clean the mechanical mitral prosthetic valve. During this procedure, the patient experienced complications and required massive transfusion and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The patient's postoperative course was satisfactory, and she was discharged 26 days after admission.

Conclusion: PVT management remains controversial given the lack of prospective and randomized clinical studies on the subject and due to the high risk involved regardless of the approach taken (fibrinolysis or surgery). Therefore, it is necessary to establish treatment based on each patient's clinical condition.

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