Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis associated with septic shock in an immunocompetent patient. Case report
Paracoccidioidomicosis pulmonar asociada a choque séptico en un paciente inmunocompetente. Reporte de caso
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n2.62212Palabras clave:
Paracoccidioidomycosis, Fungus, Paracoccidioides, amphotericin B, Sepsis, Klebsiella pneumoniae (en)Paracoccidioidomicosis, Hongo, Paracoccidioides, anfotericina B, Sepsis, Klebsiella pneumoniae (es)
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Introduction. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus known as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. This entity compromises mainly the lungs, but can spread to other organs, with particular trophism, through oral mucosa, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, among others.
Case presentation. This paper reports the case of a male patient with pulmonary PCM treated at the Hospital Universitario de Santander. The patient was admitted with initial suspicion of active pulmonary tuberculosis due to the presence of multiple cavitations and nodules of random distribution in the lung parenchyma observed in the chest tomography, and subsequent isolation of yeasts compatible with Paracoccidioides. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was administered without favorable outcomes and development of septic shock by extended spectrum Klebsiella pneumoniae. In spite of multi-conjugate antibiotic management, the patient presented multiple organ failure syndrome with fatal outcome at 21 days of hospitalization.
Conclusion. Pulmonary PCM is an endemic disease that leads to an inadequate immune response of the host that —along with risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, malnutrition and low socioeconomic status— facilitates the onset of life-threatening infections or coexisting diseases. Timely diagnosis based on early clinical suspicion potentially influences the patient's survival.
Introducción. La paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM) es una enfermedad crónica granulomatosa causada por el hongo dimórfico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Esta entidad compromete de manera preferencial a los pulmones, pero puede diseminarse a otros órganos, con particular trofismo por mucosa oral, glándulas suprarrenales, nódulos linfáticos, entre otros.
Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de un hombre con PCM pulmonar manejada en el Hospital Universitario de Santander. El paciente ingresó con sospecha inicial de tuberculosis pulmonar activa por presencia en la tomografía de tórax de múltiples cavitaciones y nódulos de distribución aleatoria en el parénquima pulmonar y posterior aislamiento de levaduras compatibles con Paracoccidioides; se le suministró anfotericina B deoxicolato sin respuesta favorable y con posterior desarrollo de choque séptico por Klebsiella pneumoniae de espectro extendido. A pesar del manejo antibiótico multiconjugado, el sujeto presenta síndrome de falla multiorgánica con desenlace fatal a los 21 días de hospitalización.
Conclusión. La PCM pulmonar es una enfermedad endémica que conlleva una respuesta inmunológica inadecuada del huésped que —en conjunto con factores de riesgo como tabaquismo, enolismo, desnutrición y bajo nivel socioeconómico— facilita la aparición de infecciones o enfermedades coexistentes potencialmente mortales, por lo cual su diagnóstico oportuno a partir de una sospecha clínica temprana influye potencialmente en la sobrevida del paciente.
https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n2.62212
Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis associated with septic shock in an immunocompetent patient. Case report
Keywords: Paracoccidioidomycosis, Fungus, Paracoccidioides, amphotericin B, Sepsis, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Palabras clave: Paracoccidioidomicosis; Hongo; Paracoccidioides; Anfotericina B; Sepsis; Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Freddy Mauricio Quintero-Álvarez
Juan Pablo Báez-Duarte
Jessica Paola Montes-Ortíz
Sergio Andrés Mendinueta-Giacometto
Emergency Service
Hospital Universitario de Santander
Bucaramanga – Colombia.
José Mauricio García-Habeych
Department of Internal Medicine
Faculty of Health
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Bucaramanga – Colombia.
Corresponding author:
Freddy Mauricio Quintero-Álvarez.
Email: freddyquintero05@gmail.com
Received: 26/1/2017 Accepted: 25/7/2017
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus known as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. This entity compromises mainly the lungs, but can spread to other organs, with particular trophism, through oral mucosa, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, among others.
Case presentation. This paper reports the case of a male patient with pulmonary PCM treated at the Hospital Universitario de Santander. The patient was admitted with initial suspicion of active pulmonary tuberculosis due to the presence of multiple cavitations and nodules of random distribution in the lung parenchyma observed in the chest tomography, and subsequent isolation of yeasts compatible with Paracoccidioides. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was administered without favorable outcomes and development of septic shock by extended spectrum Klebsiella pneumoniae. In spite of multi-conjugate antibiotic management, the patient presented multiple organ failure syndrome with fatal outcome at 21 days of hospitalization.
Conclusion. Pulmonary PCM is an endemic disease that leads to an inadequate immune response of the host that —along with risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, malnutrition and low socioeconomic status— facilitates the onset of life-threatening infections or coexisting diseases. Timely diagnosis based on early clinical suspicion potentially influences the patient’s survival.
Introduction
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), also known as South American blastomycosis, was first described in 1908 by Adolfo Lutz. This is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus known as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is endemic in Latin America, with predominance in Brazil —with the highest incidence in the southeast of the country— followed by Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. (1). The dimorphic fungus grows as a yeast in the tissues of the host and in cultures at 36-37ºC, but it develops as a slow growing mold at temperatures <28ºC (2).
This disease compromises mainly the lungs, but can spread to other organs, with particular trophism, through oral mucosa, adrenal glands, reticuloendothelial system, skin and bones. (3) This paper reports a case of pulmonary PCM in an immunocompetent patient —a rare disease in Colombia— who was diagnosed in a tertiary care hospital in Santander, Colombia, and had a fatal outcome.
Case presentation
67-year-old mestizo male from the rural area of the municipality of Aratoca (where temperatures vary between 16ºC and 26ºC), who worked as a farmer (mostly in coffee crops), with unclear pathological history of epilepsy without treatment, chronic smoking associated with regular consumption of alcoholic drinks, and without exposure to individuals with a history of tuberculosis.
The patient visited a primary health center referring symptoms of 4 months evolution including productive cough with mucopurulent expectoration, progressive dyspnea even when putting small efforts, fever, chills and unintentional progressive weight loss. He stated that the symptoms exacerbated 7 days before with hemoptoic cough and evening diaphoresis. The patient was referred to a secondary care health center where a chest x-ray was performed, showing abundant alveolar opacities in both pulmonary fields, formation of diffuse pneumatoceles, and signs of air trapping (Figure 1). A sputum KOH test was performed, reporting a double refractory wall of yeast with intracytoplasmic vacuoles with multiple or chain budding. The results were compatible with paracoccidioides, so he was assessed by the internal medicine service and referred to the Hospital Universitario de Santander due to the high risk of ventilatory failure.

Figure 1. Chest x-ray with abundant alveolar opacities in both lung fields with formation of pneumatoceles.
Source: Own elaboration based on the data obtained in the study.
On physical examination at admission, the patient presented with respiratory distress at rest despite supplementary oxygen with a mask and Ventury mask with a 50% inspired fraction, significant reduction in muscle mass, vital signs with normal blood pressure, a heart rate of 106 bpm and respiratory rate of 23 breaths per minute. He did not have a feverish state at the time of assessment, but there were intercostal retractions with diminished respiratory sounds on auscultation and rhonchi with diffuse rales.
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest was performed (Figure 2), which showed multiple cavitations, mostly thin-walled, and randomly distributed nodules with a predominantly right pleural effusion.

Figure 2. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest.
Source: Own elaboration based on the data obtained in the study.
The initial tests ruled out infection by human immunodeficiency virus through fourth-generation ELISA technique. Three serial sputum smears were performed, which reported negative results for acid-alcohol resistant bacillus (BAAR). In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (GenXpert) was performed for each bacilloscopy sample, yielding negative results for BAAR as well. A sputum KOH test was performed again, which confirmed the presence of blastoconidia related to P. brasiliensis.
Similarly, leukocytosis, progressive thrombocytopenia and deterioration of renal function were documented (Table 1). Blood gas tests were made, showing hypoxemia with hypercapnia associated with mixed acid-base disorders due to normochloremic metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis (Table 2).
During hospital stay, the patient was assessed by pneumology, indicating treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate at a dose of 0.7-0.8 mg/kg/day. On day 12 of hospitalization, the patient presented increased respiratory function and worsening of hypoxemia (Table 2), invasive mechanical ventilatory support requirement, hypotension refractory to fluid management, and vasopressor support with norepinephrine was initiated. In addition, control laboratories reported significant leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia without bleeding (Table 1). Bronchial secretion and blood cultures reported growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae with antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), for which antibiotic treatment with Meropenem was prescribed.
Table 1. Laboratory tests.
Day |
WBC (5-10) x 10^3/uL |
Platelets (150-450) x 10^3/uL |
BUN (8-23) mg/dL |
Creatinine (0.67-1.17) mg/dL |
1 |
17.5 |
480 |
10 |
0.34 |
2 |
10.6 |
338 |
23 |
1.24 |
3 |
10.5 |
320 |
29 |
1.24 |
4 |
10.4 |
307 |
30 |
1.03 |
5 |
5.8 |
283 |
30 |
0.89 |
6 |
11.3 |
234 |
30 |
0.89 |
7 |
15.4 |
215 |
27 |
0.85 |
8 |
22.2 |
205 |
23 |
0.93 |
9 |
19.7 |
186 |
23 |
0.93 |
10 |
49.7 |
68 |
13 |
0.92 |
11 |
67 |
28 |
17 |
1.55 |
12 |
31.4 |
10 |
20 |
2.25 |
13 |
23.8 |
10 |
19 |
2.22 |
14 |
14.4 |
16 |
21 |
2.06 |
15 |
22.9 |
44 |
22 |
1.76 |
16 |
15.6 |
47 |
24 |
1.7 |
17 |
16 |
90 |
31 |
1.44 |
18 |
12.5 |
99 |
30 |
1.22 |
Source: Own elaboration based on data obtained in the study.
Table 2. Arterial blood gases.
Day |
pH (7.35-7.45) |
PO2 (75-100) mmHg |
PCO2 (38-42) mmHg |
FiO2 |
PaFi (>300) |
SO2 (94-100) % |
HCO3 (22-28) mEq/L |
Lactate (0.5-2) mmol/L |
8 |
7.40 |
78 |
32.1 |
50% |
156 |
96 |
19.5 |
1.8 |
9 |
7.40 |
99 |
32.7 |
50% |
198 |
98 |
20.0 |
Not taken |
10 |
7.25 |
83 |
38.1 |
70% |
118 |
94 |
16.4 |
5.6 |
11 |
7.22 |
107 |
42.0 |
80% |
134 |
97 |
17.1 |
2.9 |
12 |
7.23 |
100 |
40.2 |
70% |
143 |
97 |
16.7 |
3.6 |
13 |
7.27 |
94 |
40.1 |
70% |
134 |
97 |
18.0 |
2.7 |
14 |
7.27 |
79 |
47.5 |
90% |
87 |
95 |
21.7 |
2.2 |
15 |
7.26 |
148 |
47.2 |
100% |
148 |
99 |
21.1 |
2.4 |
16 |
7.23 |
119 |
55.0 |
70% |
170 |
98 |
22.9 |
2.2 |
17 |
7.20 |
103 |
62.4 |
70% |
147 |
97 |
24.1 |
2.6 |
Source: Own elaboration based on data obtained in the study.
The subject was taken to a medical-scientific autopsy, in which histopathological studies were carried out, including cuts of the lung parenchyma (Figure 3), showing the presence of granulomas with abundant multinucleated Langhans giant cells and refractory rounded structures in the cytoplasm. Some of the latter had multiple budding and were compatible with P. brasiliensis through periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and methenamine silver stain (GMS). This finding was also observed in lymphatic and hematopoietic system cuts, while no foci of pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae were identified. The renal parenchyma showed diffuse and generalized necrosis of the epithelium of the proximal tubules, secondary to tissue hypoperfusion and triggered by septic shock.

Figure 3. Lung histopathology. A and B: periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining; C and D: coloration with methenamine silver stain (GMS) corresponding to P. brasiliensis.
Discussion
This paper reported a case of PCM in a patient with undefined structural lung disease, with subsequent complication due to septic shock associated with K. pneumoniae. This disease is found in Latin America, with 80% of the cases reported in Brazil, followed by Colombia, particularly Santander and Norte de Santander, which are considered endemic areas. The national incidence ranges from 0.1 to 2.4 per million inhabitants and mortality is approximately 10-15% (4-7).
P. brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus (2) that affects mostly individuals who are engaged in agricultural activities because of the manipulation of soils that generate aerosols with spores of this fungus, which end up being inhaled by the farmers. In addition, a greater incidence is observed in the male gender, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 (3). This difference may be caused by the fact that men are more dedicated to agricultural activities and the protective effect of estrogen in women, thus avoiding the transition of the fungus from mycelium to yeast (2). The transmission from person to person of this mycosis has not been documented, and tobacco and alcohol consumption has been associated with the risk of PCM infection (8).
PCM is a chronic systemic invasive mycosis that, like tuberculosis, mainly affects the lungs; both diseases can coexist in 15-20% of cases (9,10) with varying degrees of parenchymal injury and tendency to fibrosis (2). Given this possible coexistence, tuberculosis was one of the first pathologies to be discarded in this patient, besides an immunodeficiency state as a trigger of the infection.
Moreover, the association with other pulmonary structural processes, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, has been described (11). In this case, the association of PCM, in the absence of tuberculosis, and the bacteremia by K. pneumoniae was striking. Although the concurrent process of tuberculosis and pulmonary PCM (11) and pulmonary tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia have been documented (12), the association of pulmonary PCM and K. pneumoniae infections is not frequent. In a series of reference cases, only one presented the concomitant process (13). Although this patient did not comply with the description of the CD40L phenotype and HIV infection was ruled out, the presence of structural lung disease should be highlighted, as well as his malnutrition status, smoking and active alcohol consumption, hospital stay —which favors nosocomial infections—, and his exposure to drugs with potent adverse effects such as amphotericin B —which favors a possible poor immune response.
The presence of non-modifiable risk factors such as age and sex, together with modifiable factors such as type of job, smoking and consumption of alcoholic drinks, associated with a low socioeconomic level and high degree of malnutrition conditioned a depressed immune response and subsequent infection by P. brasiliensis (11). However, mycosis per se modulates the host’s innate and acquired immune response, so that overlapping or co-existing infections may be facilitated.
Chest scans are the main tool to suspect this infection. Findings are nonspecific and include diffuse micronodular infiltrates predominantly in the middle zone of the lung, cavitations and tumor masses (5,14,15). Chest radiography shows mainly interstitial opacities (nodular or reticular), and when caverns are observed, pulmonary tuberculosis is the main differential diagnosis. (15,16). In high-resolution chest tomography, untreated PCM findings are characterized by attenuation of the ground-glass lung parenchyma associated with small centrilobular nodules, cavity nodules, large nodules, and scar emphysema (5,15,16), being the peripheral and the posterior distributions in the lung predominant (16). The reversed halo sign is observed in about 10% of cases (16).
Considering the wide differential diagnosis (17) and the clinical-radiological dissociation (18), a rapid confirmation of the diagnosis is required to initiate treatment. These tools include microbiological, immunological and molecular evaluation methods (19). The reference diagnostics are:
- Pulmonary tuberculosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- Cutaneous and mucosal Leishmaniasis
- Wegener’s granulomatosis
- Actinomycosis
- Blastomycosis
Microscopic evaluation of sputum or compromised tissues allows rapid diagnosis. The use of routine stains, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcofluor for wet mounts and Grocott-Gomori staining or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for smear (20), allows to visualize spherical or double-walled yeasts, from 30μ to 60μ in diameter, with multiple budding (14). Digested or concentrated sputum can be positive in 60-70% of chronic PCM cases (15). Cultivation of the fungus on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium is ideal for isolation, but may take 20 to 90 days (14,15,21). In certain cases, microbiological documentation of the presence of PCM is not possible, so, in case of clinical and radiological suspicion, the use of serological methods is necessary.
The detection of antibodies against the gp43 antigen is carried out by means of an immunodiffusion reaction, which is positive in 90% of the patients prior to the eradication treatment (19,22,23). In HIV patients, results should be interpreted with caution due to cross-reaction with Histoplasma capsulatum (24). Another option is to detect the p27 antigen, with a sensitivity and specificity of almost 100% (5,20), which avoids cross reaction (20). Molecular methods based on the polymerase chain reaction technique are not commercially feasible yet (20).
The treatment of P. brasiliensis differs from other invasive fungi due to its high sensitivity to different antifungal medications; the selection should be made according to the severity of the disease (Table 3).
Table 3. Treatment options for pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.
Drug |
Dose |
Interaction |
Adverse effects |
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole |
480-960 mg every 8-12 hours |
Phenytoin |
Leukopenia, megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia |
Ketoconazole |
200-400 mg/day |
Astemizole, fexofenadine, loratadine |
Itching, vomiting, nausea, anorexia |
Itraconazole |
100-400 mg/ day |
Cisapride, quinidine, diazepam, digoxin, indinavir, ritonavir, sulfonylureas |
Nausea, vomiting, increased serum transaminases, hypokalemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia. |
Fluconazole |
300-400 mg/ day |
Cisapride, cyclosporine, rifampicin, rifabutin, sulfonylureas, theophylline |
Headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea |
Amphotericin B |
1-3 mg/kg/day |
Cyclosporine and aminoglycosides |
Fever, dyspnea, bronchospasm, redness, tachycardia, acute kidney injury |
Source: Own elaboration based on data obtained in the study.
In cases of mild to moderate infection, the therapeutic option is itraconazole. The literature reports a 90% cure rate with relapses up to 15%. One treatment option is to combine trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (25). In case of serious infections, the use of intravenous agents is indicated, being amphotericin B in its conventional or lipid formulation the preferred choice (14,15,19) —as administered to this patient— evaluated at a dose of 1-3 mg/kg/day. Similarly, in order to prevent relapse, long-term treatments with sulphonamides or azoles are indicated (15).
Although PCM is an endemic entity with high incidence and mortality, few studies have been carried out to define the appropriate therapeutic option (15). In addition, both the adverse effects and the interaction of medications that may affect its effectiveness must be considered (10).
Conclusions
Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic disease in Santander, although it is underdiagnosed due to the presence of more common pathologies and similar clinical characteristics such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis. For this reason, late diagnosis is frequent in most of the affected individuals. Unfortunately, mycosis modulates the immune, innate and acquired response of the host, thus facilitating the onset of superimposed or co-existing infections, whose complications such as sepsis and secondary multiple organ failure eventually lead to a fatal outcome.
The timely diagnosis of PCM is of utmost importance, considering that the ideal diagnosis is achieved through microscopic evaluation of the sputum or detection of gp43 antibodies. Pharmacological treatment, despite being aggressive and considering that the disease usually occurs in immunologically compromised patients, could have a favorable impact on the reduction of complications and mortality in this type of patients.
Conflict of interests
None stated by the authors.
Funding
None stated by the authors.
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Morejón KML, Machado AA, Martinez R. Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients infected with and not infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(3):359–66.
Mantilla Hernández JC, Angarita Africano AM, Cárdenas Guevara M. Paracoccidioidomicosis diseminada con insuficiencia suprarrenal: reporte de un caso de autopsia. Rev Médicas UIS. 2008;21(3):9.
Martinez R. Epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015;57:11–20.
Dawaher J, Teresa M, Eugenia M, Essayag M. Paracoccidioidomicosis : clínica , epidemiología y tratamiento Paracoccidioidomicosis : Clinical Considerations , Epidemiology and Treatment. kasmera. 2012;40(2):160–71.
Bocca AL, Amaral AC, Teixeira MM, Sato PK, Sato P, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, et al. Paracoccidioidomycosis: eco-epidemiology, taxonomy and clinical and therapeutic issues. Future Microbiol. 2013;8(9):1177–91.
Santos WA dos, Silva BM da, Passos ED, Zandonade E, Falqueto A. Association between smoking and paracoccidioidomycosis: a case-control study in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2003;19(1):245–53.
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Queiroz-telles F, Ph D, Escuissato DL, Ph D. Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32(6):764–74.
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1. Deving Arias Ramos, John Alexander Alzate, Ángela María Giraldo Montoya, Yessica Andrea Trujillo, Leidy Yurany Arias Ramos. (2020). Thinking in paracoccidioidomycosis: a delayed diagnosis of a neglected tropical disease, case report and review of clinical reports and eco-epidemiologic data from Colombia since the 2000. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4864-8.
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