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A review of producing hard coatings by means of duplex treatments using an electroplated coating-thermochemical treatment combination
Producción de recubrimientos duros a partir de tratamientos dúplex usando la combinación recubrimiento electrolítico - tratamiento termoquímico. Revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v31n3.26373Keywords:
Duplex treatment, electroplated coating, thermochemical treatment, nitriding, carburising, nitrocarburising, plasma (en)tratamientos dúplex, recubrimientos electrolíticos, tratamientos termoquímicos, nitruración, carburización, nitrocarburización, plasma (es)
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Duplex treatments have been developed to overcome the disadvantages presented by simple treatments to surfaces of different materials and have, in a combined and complementary way, the properties that each of these methods supplies individually. The difference between thermal expansion coefficients for Fe and Cr in hard chrome plating leads to crack formation in the deposited coat, through which corrosive agents migrate and reduce the system's integrity. Direct deposition by physical vapour deposition (PVD), used for obtaining chromium nitride films on steel substrates, is limited by high production costs, the low thickness obtained and low resistance to corrosion due to the presence of micro pores. Some studies have combined an electroplated chromium with thermochemical treatments made in a controlled atmosphere or vacuum furnaces or by plasma. This kind of duplex treatment allows compounds such as CrxN, CrxCyN and CrxCy to be obtained from chemical and micro structural transformation of chromium with nitrogen and/or carbon, the sealing of cracks in the coating and increasing the magnitude of properties like hardness and density, improving wear and abrasion and corrosion resistance.
Los tratamientos dúplex se han desarrollado con el objetivo de superar las desventajas presentadas por tratamientos simples realizados sobre superficies de diferentes materiales y contar, en forma combinada y complementaria, con las propiedades que cada uno de estos métodos suministra individualmente. En el caso de recubrimientos electrolíticos de cromo duro la diferencia entre los coeficientes de expansión térmica del hierro y el cromo produce grietas en la película depositada, a través de las cuales migran agentes corrosivos que conducen a la pérdida de la integridad del sistema. Asimismo, la obtención de películas de nitruro de cromo sobre sustratos de acero mediante deposición directa por deposición física de vapor (Physical Vapor Deposition, PVD, por sus siglas en inglés), está limitada debido a su elevado costo, bajo espesor obtenido y baja resistencia a la corrosión por presencia de microporos. Se han realizado estudios que combinan recubrimientos electrolíticos de cromo con tratamientos termoquímicos realizados por plasma o en hornos de atmósfera controlada o bajo vacío, con los cuales se han obtenido, por transformación química y microestructural con nitrógeno o carbono, compuestos tipo CrxN, CrxCyN y CrxCy que permiten superar las desventajas mencionadas por sellado de las grietas de la película de cromo duro e incremento en la magnitud de sus valores de dureza y densidad, con mejora en la resistencia al desgaste y corrosión.
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