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A review of asphalt and asphalt mixture aging
El fenómeno de envejecimiento en asfaltos y mezclas asfálticas. Una revisión
Keywords:
Asphalt aging, asphalt mixture aging, oxidation, volatilization, steric hardening, aging models, aging testing. (en)envejecimiento, asfaltos, mezcla asfáltica, oxidación, volatilización, endurecimiento estérico, modelos de envejecimiento, pruebas de envejecimiento acelerado (es)
This paper presents an extensive review of the pertinent literature regarding asphalt and asphalt mixture aging. Aging affects flexible pavement performance and is produced by intrinsic and extrinsic variables as well as exposure time. Intrinsic variables include asphalt and aggregate properties, a mixture's asphalt content, binder film thickness and air void content; extrinsic variables are associated with production (short-term aging) and exposure to environmental field conditions (long-term aging). Taken together, both variables demonstrate that aging results from three distinct mechanisms: volatilisation, oxidation and steric hardening. Temperature, pressure and photo degradation treatments are used to simulate aging in the laboratory and empirical and semi-empirical models are created to represent and study aging. Aging increases asphalt complex modulus and decreases the phase angle. Mixtures become stiffer while fatigue life becomes reduced. Carbonyl and sulfoxide group formation in asphalt are often studied as such chemical changes show oxidation in aged asphalts. The prevailing models used to predict asphalt aging are discussed, though more comprehensive research into asphalt aging is still needed.
Este artículo presenta una revisión bibliográfica del fenómeno de envejecimiento que experimentan los asfaltos y las mezclas asfálticas. El envejecimiento afecta el desempeño de los pavimentos flexibles y la magnitud de sus efectos se debe a la combinación de las características de los materiales (variables intrínsecas) y los efectos ambientales (variables extrínsecas) que actúan sobre ellos. Las variables intrínsecas incluyen las propiedades del asfalto y los agregados, el contenido de asfalto en la mezcla, el espesor de la película de asfalto y el contenido de vacíos. Las variables extrínsecas corresponden a dos momentos de la mezcla asfáltica; el primero, conocido como envejecimiento a corto plazo, se asocia al proceso de producción y colocación de la mezcla, y el segundo, conocido como envejecimiento a largo plazo, se asocia a la exposición a condiciones ambientales en el campo durante el tiempo de servicio. El proceso de envejecimiento ocurre por medio de tres mecanismos: volatilización, oxidación y endurecimiento estérico. Para simular el fenómeno en el laboratorio, se llevaron a cabo pruebas de envejecimiento acelerado mediante temperatura, presión y fotodegradación y a partir de ellas se crearon modelos empíricos y semiempíricos. Como resultado de esas pruebas, se ha observado el incremento en el módulo complejo y la reducción del ángulo de fase de los asfaltos. En el caso de las mezclas, se aprecia que la rigidez también se incrementa y las mezclas tienden a ser frágiles, por lo que la vida de fatiga se reduce. Los cambios químicos se manifiestan en la formación y aumento en el tiempo de grupos funcionales de carbonilo y sulfóxido. Finalmente, algunos modelos utilizados para predecir el envejecimiento se discuten. Todo lo anterior permite afirmar que la investigación del fenómeno de envejecimiento es una importante tarea de la ingeniería de pavimentos.
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