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Pre-conceptual-schema-based patterns for deriving key performance indicators from strategic objectives
Patrones basados en esquemas preconceptuales para derivar indicadores clave de desempeño a partir de objetivos estratégicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n2.62252Keywords:
Pattern, strategic objective, key performance indicator, pre-conceptual schemas (en)Patrón, objetivo estratégico, indicador clave de desempeño, esquemas preconceptuales (es)
Performance measurement is crucial for achieving business success. Moreover, such success is also related to the fulfillment of the organizational strategic objectives. Hence, an adequate determination of relevant performance indicators—or key performance indicators (KPIs)—and their relationships to organizational objectives is needed. Even though several approaches for treating KPIs and objective-KPI relationships have been proposed, they exhibit some drawbacks associated with the lack of reusability and traceability. We attempt to fill this gap by proposing a set of patterns based on pre-conceptual schemas for supporting the systematic derivation of KPIs and their relationships to organizational objectives. In this way, the proposed patterns guarantee a reusable and traceable derivation process of a set of candidate KPIs from organizational strategic objectives. Lastly, we provide a lab study in order to illustrate the usefulness of this proposal.
La medición del desempeño es crucial para alcanzar el éxito empresarial. Dicho éxito también se relaciona con el cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos organizacionales. Por lo tanto, es necesario determinar adecuadamente, indicadores de desempeño relevantes— o indicadores clave de desempeño (KPIs por sus siglas en inglés) —, y sus relaciones con los objetivos organizacionales. Existen varios enfoques para tratar los indicadores clave de desempeño y sus relaciones con los objetivos, pero presentan algunos inconvenientes asociados con la falta de reusabilidad y trazabilidad. Para cubrir este vacío, en este artículo se propone un conjunto de patrones basados en esquemas preconceptuales que permiten determinar sistemáticamente los indicadores clave de desempeño y sus relaciones con los objetivos organizacionales. Así, los patrones propuestos garantizan un proceso de derivación reusable y trazable de un conjunto candidato clave de indicadores de desem peño a partir de objetivos estratégicos organizacionales. Finalmente, se desarrolla un estudio de laboratorio con el fin de ilustrar la utilidad de esta propuesta.
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Rolland, C., Loucopoulos, P., Grosz, G., & Nurcan, S. (1998). A Framework for Generic Patterns Dedicated to the Management of Change in the Electricity Supply Industry. In DEXA Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 907-912.
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Sandkuhl, K. (2011). Validating Organizational Knowledge Patterns: Case Study from Information Demand Modeling. In International Conference, (BIR) 2011, Riga, Latvia, October 6-8, 204-216.
Sandkuhl, K. (2012). Organizational Knowledge Patterns: Foundation and Application Example. In Operations Research and Data Mining, ORADM, Cancún, Mexico, 1-10.
Stirna, J., Persson, A., & Aggestam, L. (2006). Building Knowledge Repositories with Enterprise Modelling and Patterns – From Theory to Practice. Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS, Göteborg, Sweden, 937-948.
Trendowicz, A., Heidrich, J., & Shintani, K. (2011). Aligning Software Projects with Business Objectives. Joint Conference of the 21st International Workshop on Software Measurement and the 6th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement, Nara, Japan.
Wu, H.Y. (2012). Constructing a strategy map for banking institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35, 303-320.
Zapata, C. M., & Castro, L. F. (2016). A Method based on Patterns for deriving Key Performance Indicators from Organizational Objectives. Polibits, 53, 55-64.
Zapata, C. M., Gelbukh, A., & Arango, F. (2006). Pre-conceptual schema: A conceptual-graph-like knowledge representation for requirements elicitation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4293, 17-27.
Zapata, C. M., Giraldo, G. L., & Londoño, S. (2011). Esquemas pre-conceptuales ejecutables. Avances En Sistemas E Informática, 8 (1), 15-24.
Behnam, S. A., Amyot, D., Mussbacher, G., Braun, E., Cartwright, N., & Saucier, M. (2012). Using the Goal-oriented pattern fam-ily framework for modelling outcome-based regulations. In Requirements Patterns (RePa), IEEE Second International Workshop, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 35-40.
Bubenko, J., Persson, A., & Stirna, J. (2001). User guide of the Knowledge Management approach using Enterprise Knowledge Patterns. In Deliverable D3, IST Programme project Hypermedia and Pattern Based Knowledge Management for Smart Organizations, project no. IST-2000-28401, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Castro, L. F., & Zapata, C. M. (2013). Executable pre-conceptual schemas for representing key performance indicators. In 8th Computing Colombian Conference (8CCC),IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Armenia, Colombia, 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ColombianCC.2013.6637526
Cosenz, F. (2013). The Entrepreneurial University: A Preliminary Analysis of the Main Managerial and Organisational Features towards the Design of Planning & Control Systems in European Academic Institutions. Management Research and Practice, 5 (4), 19-36.
Kronz, A. (2006). Managing of Process Key Performance Indicators as Part of the ARIS Methodology. Corporate Performance Management: ARIS in Practice (pp. 31-44), Springer-Verlag.
Lezcano, L. A. (2007). Elaboración Semiautomática de Diagrama de Objetivos (MSc. Thesis), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
Martínez, A. (2008). Conceptual Schemas Generation from Organizational Models in an Automatic Software Production Process (PhD. Thesis), Valencia University of Technology, Spain, and University of Trento, Italy.
Martínez, A., Pastor, O., Mylopoulos, J., Giorgini, P. (2008). From Early to Late Requirements: A Goal-Based Approach. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 4898, 123-142.
Niwe, M., & Stirna, J. (2009). Pattern Approach to Business-to-Business Transactions. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST, London, UK, 1-6.
Persson, A., Stirna, J., Gernot, H. D., & Günter, H. (2003). Introducing a pattern based knowledge management ap-proach: the Verbundplan case. In 14th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Washington, DC, 777-781.
Prekas, N., Loucopoulos, P., Rolland, C., Grosz, G. , Semmak, F., & Brash, D. (1999). Developing patterns as a mechanism for assisting the management of knowledge in the context of conducting organisational change. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1677, 110-122.
Rolland, C., Grosz, G., Loucopoulos, P., & Nurcan, S. (1998). A framework for encapsulating best business practices for elec-tricity supply industry into generic patterns. In International Conference on CircuitsIMACS, Systems and Computers, Piraeus, Greece.
Rolland, C., Loucopoulos, P., Grosz, G., & Nurcan, S. (1998). A Framework for Generic Patterns Dedicated to the Manage-ment of Change in the Electricity Supply Industry. In DEXA Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 907-912.
Rolland, C., Nurcan, S., & Grosz, G. (2000). A decision-making pattern for guiding the enterprise knowledge development process. Information & Software Technology, 42(5), 313-331.
Sandkuhl, K. (2011). Validating Organizational Knowledge Pat-terns: Case Study from Information Demand Modeling. In Inter-national Conference, (BIR) 2011, Riga, Latvia, October 6-8, 204-216.
Sandkuhl, K. (2012). Organizational Knowledge Patterns: Foundation and Application Example. In Operations Research and Data Mining, ORADM, Cancún, México, 1-10.
Stirna, J., Persson, A., & Aggestam, L. (2006). Building Knowledge Repositories with Enterprise Modelling and Patterns – From Theory to Practice. Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS, Göteborg, Sweden, 937-948.
Trendowicz, A., Heidrich, J., & Shintani, K. (2011). Aligning Software Projects with Business Objectives. Joint Conference of the 21st International Workshop on Software Measurement and the 6th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement, Nara, Japan.
Wu, H.Y. (2012). Constructing a strategy map for banking institu-tions with key performance indicators of the balanced score-card. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35, 303-320.
Zapata, C. M., & Castro, L. F. (2016). A Method based on Patterns for deriving Key Performance Indicators from Organizational Objectives. Polibits, 53, 55-64.
Zapata, C. M., Gelbukh, A., & Arango, F. (2006). Pre-conceptual schema: A conceptual-graph-like knowledge representation for requirements elicitation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4293, 17-27.
Zapata, C. M., Giraldo, G. L., & Londoño, S. (2011). Esquemas pre-conceptuales ejecutables. Avances En Sistemas E Informática, 8 (1), 15-24.
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Copyright (c) 2017 Carlos Mario Zapata Jaramillo, Luis Fernando Castro Rojas
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