Publicado

2016-04-01

Alternativas de reducción de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (C02) en la producción de cemento. Propuesta de un modelo de evaluación

ALTERNATIVES FOR REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE (C02) EMISSIONS IN CEMENT PRODUCTION. PROPOSAL FOR AN EVALUATION MODEL

ALTERNATIVAS DE REDUÇÃO DAS EMISSÕES DE DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO (CO2) NA PRODUÇÃO DE CIM ENTO. PROPOSTA DE UM MODELO DE AVALIAÇÃO

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v26n60.55532

Palabras clave:

Emisiones de CO2, industria de cemento, gestión medioambiental, planificación de la producción, Protocolo de Kyoto, enfoque integrado preventivo. (es)
C02 emissions, cement industry, environmental management, production planning, Kyoto Protocol, integrated-preventive approach (en)
Emissões de CO2, indústria de cimento, gestão ambiental, planejamento da produção, Protocolo de Kyoto, enfoque integrado preventivo (pt)

Descargas

Autores/as

La combinación óptima de las medidas disponibles de ajuste de emisiones de dióxido de carbono (C02) para compatibilizar los objetivos de producción con las exigencias medioambientales requiere planteamientos en la planificación de la producción industrial, con incorporación de nuevos parámetros y variables que permitan evaluar el impacto de las decisiones operativas sobre dichas emisiones, sujetas a las limitaciones del Protocolo de Kyoto. Tras realizar un análisis detallado del potencial de mejora de las alternativas disponibles para reducir las emisiones de C02 derivadas de la producción de cemento, abordamos en este trabajo las decisiones de optimización con un enfoque integrado, empleando un modelo de programación lineal que contempla conjuntamente las alternativas viables para reducir las emisiones y considerando tanto las derivadas de la aplicación de los mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto como las destinadas a mejorar los productos y los procesos productivos. Su aplicación permitirá mejorar el proceso de toma de decisiones, al permitir considerar diferentes escenarios y obtener información relevante a través del análisis postoptimal. Se incluye, entre otras alternativas, la cantidad máxima a pagar por las instalaciones en el mercado de derechos para emitir una tonelada adicional de C02 o posibles cambios en el mix de producción para aumentar la rentabilidad, tanto relativos a tipo de productos como a cantidad a fabricar de los mismos.
The optimal combination of available measures for setting emissions of carbon dioxide (C02) looking to reconcile production objectives with environmental criteria, requires of planning approaches in industrial production that incorporate new parameters and variables to assess the impact of operational decisions on such emissions, according to limitations established on the Kyoto Protocol. After conducting a detailed analysis of the potential for improving the alternatives available in order to reduce C02 emissions from cement production, this paper addresses optimization decisions with an integrated approach, using a linear programming model that jointly includes the viable alternatives for reducing emissions and considering those derived from the application of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as those aimed at improving products and production processes. The implementation of such model will improve the decision-making process by making possible to consider different scenarios and obtain relevant information through the post-optimal analysis. It includes, among other alternatives, the maximum amount payable by the facilities in the market for the rights to emit an additional ton of C02 or possible changes in the production mix to increase profitability, both relative to type of product as to the manufacturing quantity thereof.
A combinação ideal das medidas disponíveis de ajuste de emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) para compatibilizar os objetivos de produção com as exigências ambientais requer explicações no planejamento da produção industrial, com incorporação de novos parâmetros e variáveis que permitam avaliar o impacto das decisões operativas sobre essas emissões, sujeitas a limitações do Protocolo de Kyoto. Depois de realizar uma análise detalhada do potencial de melhora das alternativas disponíveis para reduzir as emissões de C02 derivadas da produção de cimento, abordamos neste trabalho as decisões de otimização com um enfoque integrado, empregando um modelo de programação linear que contempla conjuntamente as alternativas viáveis para reduzir as emissões e considerando tanto as derivadas da aplicação dos mecanismos de flexibilidade do Protocolo de Kyoto quanto as destinadas a melhorar os produtos e os processos produtivos. Sua aplicação permitirá melhorar o processo de tomada de decisões, ao permitir considerar diferentes cenários e obter informação relevante por meio da análise pós-ideal. Inclui-se, entre outras alternativas, a quantidade máxima a pagar pelas instalações no mercado de direitos para emitir uma tonelada adicional de C02 ou possíveis mudanças no mix de produção para aumentar a rentabilidade, tanto relativos ao tipo de produtos quanto à quantidade a fabricar deles.

Referencias

Al-Hinti, I., Al-Ghandoor, A., Al-Naji, A., Abu-Khashabeh, M., Joudeh, M., & Al-Hattab, M. (2008). Energy saving opportunities through heat recovery from cement processing kilns: a case study. Proceedings of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy & Environment. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA, 79-83.

Ammenberg, J., Feiz, R., Helgstrand, A., Eklund, M., & Baas, L. (2011). Industrial symbiosis for improving the CO2-performance of cement (Final report of the CEMEX-Linkóping University industrial ecology project).

Antiohos, S. K., Chouliara, E., & Tsimas, S. (2006). Re-use of spent catalyst from oil-cracking refineries as supplementary cementing material. China Particuology, 4, 73-76.

Barker, D. J., Turner, S. A., Napier-Moore, P. A., Clarck, M., & Davison, J. E. (2009). C02 capture in the cement industry. Energy Procedia, 1, 87-94.

Bauer, K., & Hoenig, V. (2009). Energy efficiency of cement plants. Proceedings of the 6th International VDZ Congress, Process Technology of Cement Manufacturing, Dusseldorf.

Boesch, M. E., & Hellweg, S. (2010). Identifying improvement potentials in cement production with life cycle assessment. Environmental Science Technology, 44(23), 9143-9149.

Borralleras, P. (2010). Reutilización & recuperación de residuos en Europa en el sector del cemento & del hormigón. Revista Técnica Cemento-Hormigón, 938, 4-7.

Bosoaga, A., Masek, O., & Oakey, J. E. (2009). C02 Capture Technologies for Cement industry. Energy Procedia, 1, 133-140.

CEMBUREAU (2009). Activity report 2008. Disponible en: http://www.cembureau.be/sites/default/files/documents/Activity_Report_2008.pdf. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2012.

Conesa, J. A., Rey, L., Egea, S., & Rey, M. D. (2011). Pollutant Formation and Emissions from Cement Kiln Stack Using a Solid Recovered Fuel from Municipal Solid Waste. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 5878-5884.

Directiva 2003/87/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de octubre de 2003, por la que se establece un régimen para el comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en la Comunidad y por la que se modifica la Directiva 96/61/ CE del Consejo.

Directiva 2008/98/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 19 de noviembre de 2008, sobre los residuos y por la que se derogan determinadas Directivas.

Elkamel, A., Ba-Shammakh, M., Douglas, P. L., & Croiset, E. (2008). An optimization approach for integrating planning and C02 emission reduction in the petroleum refining industry. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47, 760-776.

Engin, T., & Ari, V. (2005). Energy auditing and recovery for dry type cement rotary kiln systems - A case study. Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 551-562.

European Concrete Paving Association (EUPAVE) (2009). Pavimentos de hormigón: una alternativa inteligente y sostenible. Madrid: 0FiCEMEN, iECA.

European integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EiPPCB) (2010). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference document on Best Available Techniques in the Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide manufacturing Industries. Disponible en: http://www.prtr-es.es/data/images/BREF-cemento-revisado-aprobado-por-Comisi%C3%B3n-mayo-2010-.pdf. Consultado el 20 de diciembre de 2012

Faulín, J., & Juan, A. A. (2012). Introducción a la investigación operativa (Proyecto e- Math financiado por la Secretaría de Estado de Educación & Universidades (MECD)). Disponible en: http://www.uoc.edu/in3/emath/docs/[ntroJO.pdf. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2012.

Feiz, R. (2011). Improving climate performance of cement production. Developing an assessment framework and applying it to a CEMEX cement production cluster in Germany. (Thesis Report). Suecia: Linkoping University.

Frank, Z. (2009). 0xygen combustion in cement production. Energy Procedia, 1 , 187-194.

Fundación laboral andaluza del cemento y el medio ambiente (FLACEMA) (2009). Memoria de sostenibilidad del sector cemen-tero andaluz. Sevilla: FLACEMA.

García, R., Vigil de la Villa, R., Vegas, [., Frías, M., & Sánchez de Rojas, M. [. (2008). The pozzolanic properties of paper sludge waste. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1484-1490.

Gartner, E., & Quillin, K. (2007). Low-C02 cements based on calcium sul-foaluminates. Sustainability in the Cement and Concrete Industry, 16, 95-105.

Giugliano, M., Grosso, M., & Rigamonti, L. (2008). Energy recovery from municipal waste: a case study for a middle-sized [talian district. Waste Management, 28, 39-50.

Golush, T. V. (2008). Waste Management Research Trends. New York: Nova Publishers.

Grónkvist, S., Bryngelsson, M., & Westermark, M. (2006). Oxygen efficiency with regard to carbon capture. Energy, 31, 3220-3226.

Hasanbeigi, A., Menke, C., & Therdyothin, A. (2011). Technical and cost assessment of energy efficiency improvement and greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials in Thai cement industry. Energy Efficiency, 4(1), 93-113. doi: 10.1007/s12053-010-9079-1.

Hasanbeigi, A., Price, L., Lu, H., & Lan, W. (2010). Analysis of energy-efficiency opportunities for the cement industry in Shandong Province, China. A case study of 16 cement plants. Energy, 35(8), 3461-3473.

Hashimoto, S., Fujita, T., Geng, Y., & Nagasawa, E. (2010). Realizing C02 emission reduction through industrial symbiosis. A cement production case study for Kawasaki. Conservation and Recycling, 54(10), 704-710. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.11.013.

Hegerland, G., Pande, J. 0., Haugen, H. A., Eldrup, N., Tokheim, L. A., & Hatlevik, L. M. (2006). Capture of C02 from a cement plant. Technical possibilities and economic estimates. 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June, Trondheim, Norway.

Hoenig, V., & Twigg, C. (2009). Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: trying to look ahead. World Business Council for Sustainable Development/Cement Sustaina-bility Initiative- European Cement Research Academy, 4th June, Dusseldorf, Geneva.

[rassar, E. F., Violini, D., Rahhal, V. F., Milanesi, C., Trezza, M. A., Milanesi, C., Trezza, M. A., & Bonavetti, V. L. (2011). influence of limestone content, gypsum content and fineness on early age properties of Portland limestone cement produced by inter-grinding. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33, 192-200.

Kawai, K., & 0sako, M. (2012). Reduction of natural resource consumption in cement production in Japan by waste utilization. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 14(2), 94-101. doi: 10.1007/s10163-012-0042-4.

Khurana, S., Banerjee, R., & Gaitonde, U. (2002). Energy balance and cogeneration for a cement plant. Applied Thermal Engineering, 22, 485-494.

Kofínek, R., Tusil, P., Kocí, V., & Tichá, M. (2012). Evaluation of the Life Cycle and Comparison of the Waste Management Treatment with Tyre by Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2, 236-249.

Koukouzas, N., Katsiadakis, A., Karlopoulos, E., & Kakaras, E. (2008). Co-gasification of solid waste and lignite - A case study for Western Macedonia. Waste Management, 28, 1263-1275.

Lam, C. H., Barford, J. P., & McKay, G. (2010). Utilization of incineration Waste Ash Residues in Portland Cement Clinker. Chemical Engineering, 21, 757-762.

Letmathe, P., & Balakrishnan, N. (2005). Environmental considerations on the optimal product mix. European Journal of Operational Research, 167(2), 398-412.

Lin, Z., & Zhao, Q. (2009). Strength of limestone-based non-calcined cement and its properties. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science, 24, 471-475.

Liu, N. C., & Li, Z. F. (2009). 0ne High Efficiency Production Line of Clinker and Slag Grinding Separately by Roller Mill in Cement industry. Advanced Materials Research, 58, 83-89. doi: 10.4028/ http://www.scientific.net/AMR.58.83.

Metz, B., Davidson, 0., De Coninck, H., Loos, M., & Meyer, L. (2005). Carbon dioxide capture and storage (iPCC). Cambridge University Press: England.

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA) (2004). Guía de Mejores Técnicas Disponibles en España de fabricación de cemento. Centro de Publicaciones-Secretaría General Técnica- Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.

Moya, J. A., Pardo, N., & Mercier (2010). Energy efficiency and CO2 Emissions. Prospective Scenarios for the cement Industry, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission Joint Research Centre institute for Energy, Publications 0ffice of the European Union.

Moya, J. A., Pardo, N., & Mercier, A. (2011). The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and C02 emissions in the EU27 cement industry and the relationship with the capital budgeting decision criteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, 1207-1215.

Murray, A., & Price, L. (2008). Use of alternative fuels in cement manufacture: analysis of fuel characteristics and feasibility for use in the Chinese cement sector. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 525, Berkeley, California. Disponible en: http://china.lbl.gov/publications/use-alternative-fuels-cement-manufacture-analysis-fuel-characteristics-and-feasibility. Consultado el 7 de octubre de 2012.

Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2009). Cost-benefit analysis of using sewage sludge as alternative fuel in a cement plant: a case study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 322-328.

Naranjo, M., Brownlow, D. T., & Garza, A. (2011). C02 capture and sequestration in the cement industry. Energy Procedia, 4, 2716-2723.

Navia, R., Rivelab, B., Sorber, K. E., & Menéndez, C. R. (2006). Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement facilities: life cycle assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48(4), 339-356. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.01.007.

Nochaiya, T., Wongkeo, W., & Chaipanich, A. (2010). Utilization of fly ash with silica fume and properties of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume concrete. Fuel, 89, 768-774.

FICEMEN (Agrupación de Fabricantes de Cemento en España ) (2011). Memoria Oficemen 2010. Madrid: 0FiCEMEN.

O'Rourke, B., McNally, C., & Richardson, M. G. (2009). Development of calcium sulfate-ggbs-Portland cement binders. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 340-346.

Radulescu, M., Radulescu, S., & Radulescu, C. Z. (2009). Sustainable production technologies which take into account environmental constraints. European Journal of Operational Research, 193(3), 730-740.

Rodríguez, N., Alonso, M., Grasa, G., & Abanades, J. C. (2008). Process for Capturing C02 Arising from the Calcination of the CaC03 used in Cement Manufacture. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 6980-6984.

Romeo, L. M., Catalina, D., Lisbona, P., Lara, Y., & Martínez, A. (2011). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by integration of cement plants, power plants, and C02 capture systems. Greenhouse Gases. Science and Technology, 1 (1), 72-82. doi: 10.1002/ghg3.5.

Subai, C, Baptiste, P., & Niel, E. (2006). Scheduling issues for environmentally responsible manufacturing. The case of hoist scheduling in an electroplating line. International Journal of Production Economics, 99(1), 74-87.

Sun, H. H., Li, Y., Wang, N., & Zhao, Y. H. (2007). Sialite Technology and Cycle Economy. Key Engineering Materials, 336-338, 1895-1897.

Szabo, L., Hidalgo, I., Ciscar, J. C., Soria, A., & Russ, P. (2003). Energy Consumptions and CO2 Emissions from the World Cement Industry. JRC-IPTS, EUR20769 European Commission.

Tan, X. C., Liu, F., Cao, H. J., & Zhang, H. (2002). A decision-making framework model of cutting fluid selection for green manufacturing and a case study. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 129, 467-470.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2010). Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Portland Cement Industry, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Disponible en: http://www.epa.gov/nsr/ghgdocs/cement.pdf. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2012.

Valderrama, C., Granados, R., Cortina, J. L., Gasol, C. M., Guillem, M., & Josa, A. (2013). Comparative LCA of sewage sludge valorisation as both fuel and raw material substitute in clinker production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 205-213.

Van Oss, H. G., & Padovani, A. C. (2003). Cement Manufacture and the Environment - Part II. Environmental Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 7(1), 93-126.

Weiland, P. (2009). Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85, 849-860.

Weimer, T., Berger, R., Hawthorne, C., & Abanades, J. C. (2008). Lime enhanced gasification of solid fuels. Examination of a process for simultaneous hydrogen production and CO2 capture. Fuel, 87, 1678-1686.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development/International Energy Agency (WBCSD/IEA) (2009). Cement Technology Ro-admap 2009. Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050. OECD/ IEA and WBCSD.

Worrell, E., Galitsky, C., & Price, L. (2008). Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making: an energy star. Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Disponible en: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/LBNL-54036.pdf. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2012.

Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., & Meida, L. O. (2001). Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry. Annual Review Energy Environmental, 26, 303-329.

Wu, C. C., & Chang, N. B. (2004). Corporate optimal production planning with varying environmental costs. A grey compromise programming approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 155(1), 68-95.

Yi, Z. L., Sun, H. H., Wan, J. H., & Li, C. (2009). A New Process for Highly Effective Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes-Sialite Technology. Advanced Materials Research, 66, 210-213.

Zabaniotou, A., & Theofilou, C. (2008). Green energy at cement kiln in Cyprus. Use of sewage sludge as a conventional fuel substitute. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 531-541.

Zeman, F. (2009). Oxygen combustion in cement production. Energy Procedia, 1 , 187-194.

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo

2724

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Cómo citar

Alternativas de reducción de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (C02) en la producción de cemento. Propuesta de un modelo de evaluación. (2016). Innovar, 26(60), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v26n60.55532

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2016 Innovar

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0.

Todos los artículos publicados por Innovar se encuentran disponibles globalmente con acceso abierto y licenciados bajo los términos de Creative Commons Atribución-No_Comercial-Sin_Derivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).

Una vez seleccionados los artículos para un número, y antes de iniciar la etapa de cuidado y producción editorial, los autores deben firmar una cesión de derechos patrimoniales de su obra. Innovar se ciñe a las normas colombianas en materia de derechos de autor.

El material de esta revista puede ser reproducido o citado con carácter académico, citando la fuente.

Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons: