RP-HPLC-DAD determination of free amino acids in cocoa samples during fermentation and roasting
Determinación de aminoácidos libres en muestras de cacao durante la fermentación y el tostado por cromatografía líquida con detección DAD
Determinação de aminoácidos livres em amostras de cacau durante a fermentação e torrefação por cromatografia líquida com detecção DAD
Palabras clave:
Liquid chromatography, column switching, derivatization, microwave radiation, cocoa. (en)cromatografía líquida, sistemas de columnas acopladas, derivatización, radiación por microondas, cacao (es)
cromatografia líquida, sistemas de colunas acopladas, derivatização, radiação de microondas, cacau (pt)
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Amino acids (AA) composition in cocoa beans can predict the synthesis of compounds which affect cocoa flavor. Thus, their determination is of great interest for the community implied in the commercialization and production of cocoa. In consequence, in this work, the analysis of AA produced during cocoa beans fermentation and roasting was carried out. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with DAD detection at 254 nm was optimized and validated for their selective determination in six varieties of cocoa beans with different genotypes, all of them grown in Venezuela. AA were extracted by defatted milled cocoa powder ultrasonication using purified water at 70 ºC. Then, they were derivatized with phenyl isothiocyanate, and their derivatives were separated, using a reversed-phase column with gradient elution, achieving a satisfactory resolution among the peaks (greater than 1.0) in less than 29 min. 110 cocoa samples were analyzed. Results showed a significant content of free AA, ranging from 3.87 to 5.97 g/kg in absence of fermentation with a predominance of acidic AA. Moreover, there is a progressive increase in the AA content while fermentation process occurs, with a predominance of hydrophobic AA such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. On the other hand, all cocoa types showed a partial degradation of free AA during the roasting step, especially the hydrophobic ones.
La determinación de aminoácidos (AA) en granos de cacao es de gran interés ya que estos son considerados como unos de los precursores de su sabor y aroma. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo optimizar y validar un método por cromatografía líquida con detección DAD a 254 nm para la determinación selectiva de AA durante la fermentación y tostado en seis variedades de granos de cacao con diferentes genotipos, todos estos cultivados en Venezuela. Los AA se extrajeron del polvo de cacao molido y desgrasado con agua pura a 70 ºC, utilizando la técnica de ultrasonido. Luego, se derivatizaron con fenilotiocianato para separar sus derivados con buena resolución en menos de 29 min en una columna de fase reversa, utilizando gradiente de elución. Se analizaron 110 muestras de cacao. Los resultados mostraron un contenido significativo de AA libres, entre 3,87 y 5,97 g/kg, en ausencia de fermentación con predominio de AA ácidos, y un aumento progresivo en el contenido de AA, mientras ocurre el proceso de fermentación, con un predominio de AA hidrófobos como alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina y tirosina. Además, todos los tipos de cacao mostraron una degradación parcial de AA libres durante la etapa de tostado, especialmente los AA hidrófobos.
A determinação dos aminoácidos (AA) nos grãos de cacau é importante, pois são considerados um dos precursores de seu sabor e aroma. Neste trabalho, um método foi otimizado e validado por cromatografia líquida com detecção DAD a 254 nm para a determinação seletiva de AA durante a fermentação e torrefação em seis variedades de grãos de cacau com diferentes genótipos, todos cultivados na Venezuela. Os AAs foram extraídos do pó de cacau moído e desengordurados com água pura a 70 ° C usando a técnica de ultrassom. Em seguida, foram derivatizados com feniltiocianato, e os derivados foram separados com boa resolução em menos de 29 minutos em uma coluna de fase invertida usando eluição em gradiente. Foram analisadas 110 amostras de cacau. Os resultados mostraram um conteúdo significativo de AA livre entre 3,87 e 5,97 g/kg na ausência de fermentação com predominância de AA ácidos e um aumento progressivo no conteúdo de AA enquanto o processo de fermentação ocorre com predominância de AA hidrófobos como alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Além disso, todos os tipos de cacau apresentaram uma degradação parcial do AA livre durante a fase de torrefação, principalmente o AA hidrofóbico.
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