Estándar clínico basado en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de adultos con colecistitis aguda calculosa
Evidence-based clinical standard for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis in adults
Palabras clave:
Colecistitis Aguda, Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto, Vías Clínicas, Cirugía (es)Acute Cholecystitis, Practice Guidelines as a Topic, Clinical Pathways, Surgery (en)
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Introducción. La colecistitis aguda es la complicación más frecuente de la colelitiasis y se define como la inflamación de la vesícula como consecuencia de la obstrucción del conducto cístico. Cuando esta obstrucción es causada por un cálculo biliar, se conoce como colecistitis aguda calculosa (CAC), representando 90-95% de los casos. La atención integral de estos pacientes involucra a profesionales de varias áreas de la salud, por lo que es necesario reducir la variabilidad en la atención de estos pacientes en las instituciones mediante directrices que optimicen la calidad de la atención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento.
Objetivo. Identificar las indicaciones clínicas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de CAC en adultos mediante el desarrollo de un estándar clínico basado en la evidencia (ECBE) en un hospital universitario de referencia nacional de Bogotá, Colombia.
Materiales y métodos. Una vez conformado el grupo desarrollador y definidos el alcance y los objetivos del ECBE, en diciembre de 2020 se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en MEDLINE, EMBASE y LILACS y en organismos desarrolladores y compiladores de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) para identificar GPC publicadas en los últimos 10 años que respondieran a dichos objetivos y alcance. La calidad de las GPC seleccionadas fue evaluada con el instrumento AGREE II. Con base en las GPC seleccionadas se desarrolló una propuesta preliminar de EBCE (algoritmo clínico y recomendaciones) que fue validada mediante un consenso interdisciplinario (metodología Delphi modificada).
Resultados. Se seleccionaron 2 GPC. Luego de lograr un acuerdo total en el consenso interdisciplinario se consolidó un algoritmo clínico de cuatro secciones: “enfoque diagnóstico del paciente adulto con CAC”, “clasificación de la severidad de la CAC”, “clasificación del riesgo de coledocolitiasis y tratamiento quirúrgico del paciente con CAC” y “tratamiento del paciente con CAC inicialmente no apto para cirugía”. Además, se definieron aspectos claves para la implementación del algoritmo y las recomendaciones clínicas y para la evaluación y seguimiento de su implementación, denominados como puntos de control (sección cinco).
Conclusión. Las recomendaciones clínicas basadas en la evidencia incluidas en este ECBE contribuyen a estandarizar las prácticas y acciones relacionadas con el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la CAC en adultos en Colombia e incluso la región.
Introduction: Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis and is defined as inflammation of the gallbladder resulting from cystic duct obstruction. When such obstruction is caused by a gallstone, the condition is known as acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC), which accounts for 90–95% of cases. Comprehensive care for these patients involves professionals from various health areas, making it necessary to reduce variability in the care provided to these patients in institutions by means of guidelines that optimize the quality of care, diagnosis, and treatment.
Objective: To identify the clinical indications for the diagnosis and treatment of ACC in adults by developing an evidence-based clinical standard (EBCS) at a national referral university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.
Materials and methods: After assembling the development group and defining the scope and objectives of the EBCS, systematic searches were conducted in December 2020 on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS, as well as in clinical practice guidelines (CPG) development and compiling agencies, to identify CPGs published in the last 10 years that met said objectives and scope. The quality of the selected CPGs was evaluated using the AGREE II instrument. A preliminary proposal of the EBCS (clinical algorithm and recommendations) was developed using the selected CPGs, which was subsequently validated through an interdisciplinary consensus (modified Delphi methodology).
Results: Two CPGs were selected. After reaching full agreement at the interdisciplinary consensus meeting, a four-section clinical algorithm was developed: “diagnostic approach to adult patients with ACC,” “classification of ACC severity,” “classification of choledocholithiasis risk and surgical treatment of patients with ACC,” and “treatment of patients with ACC initially unsuitable for surgery.” Key aspects were also defined for implementing the algorithm and clinical recommendations, as well as for evaluating and monitoring their implementation, referred to as checkpoints (section five).
Conclusion: The evidence-based clinical recommendations included in this EBCS contribute to standardizing practices and actions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of ACC in adults in Colombia and even the region.
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