Estándar clínico basado en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de adultos con infarto agudo de miocardio
Evidence-based clinical standard for the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction in adults
Palabras clave:
Infarto del Miocardio, Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto, Vías Clínicas, Terapéutica, Diagnóstico (es)Myocardial Infarction, Practice Guidelines as a Topic, Clinical Pathways, Therapeutics, Diagnosis (en)
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Introducción. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo. Aproximadamente 85% de las muertes por ECV fueron causadas por infartos agudos del miocardio (IAM) y accidentes cerebrovasculares; además, alrededor de 80% de las muertes ocurren en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Dentro de las ECV, el IAM tiene un serio impacto en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad; sin embargo, la mayoría de los casos de IAM están asociados con factores de riesgo modificables, por lo que son potencialmente prevenibles.
Objetivo. Identificar las indicaciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del IAM en adultos mediante el desarrollo de un estándar clínico basado en la evidencia (ECBE) en un hospital universitario de referencia nacional de Bogotá, Colombia.
Materiales y métodos. Una vez conformado el grupo desarrollador y definidos el alcance y los objetivos del ECBE, en marzo de 2021 se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en MEDLINE, Embase y LILACS y en organismos desarrolladores y compiladores de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) para identificar GPC publicadas en los últimos 5 años que respondieran a dichos objetivos y alcance. La calidad de las GPC seleccionadas fue evaluada con el instrumento AGREE II. Con base en las GPC seleccionadas se desarrolló una propuesta preliminar de EBCE (algoritmo clínico y recomendaciones) que fue validada mediante un consenso interdisciplinario (metodología Delphi modificada).
Resultados. Se seleccionaron 7 GPC. Luego de lograr un acuerdo total en el consenso interdisciplinario se consolidó un algoritmo clínico de 7 secciones: “diagnóstico y clasificación del IAM”, “tratamiento médico del paciente con IAMCEST”, “tratamiento intervencionista del paciente con IAMCEST con duración de síntomas <12 horas”, “tratamiento intervencionista del paciente con IAMCEST con duración de síntomas >12 horas”, “tratamiento médico y tratamiento intervencionista del paciente con IAMSEST”, “tratamiento posterior a intervención coronaria percutánea del paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio”, “vigilancia del paciente con IAM en la UCI”. Además, se definieron aspectos claves para la implementación del algoritmo y las recomendaciones clínicas y para la evaluación y seguimiento de su implementación, denominados como puntos de control (sección 8).
Conclusión. Las recomendaciones clínicas basadas en la evidencia incluidas en este ECBE contribuyen a estandarizar las prácticas y acciones relacionadas con el diagnóstico y tratamiento del IAM en adultos en Colombia e incluso la región.
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately 85% of CVD deaths were caused by acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) and strokes, with around 80% of those deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Among CVDs, AMI has a serious impact in terms of morbidity and mortality; however, most AMI cases are associated with modifiable risk factors and are, therefore, potentially preventable.
Objective: To identify the indications for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AMI by developing an Evidence-Based Clinical Standard (EBCS) at a national referral university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.
Materials and methods: Once the development group was created and the scope and objectives of the EBCS were defined, systematic searches were conducted in March 2021 in MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS, as well as in development agencies and compilers of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), to identify CPGs published within the last 5 years that met these objectives and scope. The quality of the selected CPGs was evaluated using the AGREE II instrument. A preliminary proposal for the EBCS (clinical algorithm and recommendations) was developed using the selected CPGs, which was then validated by means of an interdisciplinary consensus (modified Delphi methodology).
Results: Seven CPGs were selected. After reaching full agreement in the interdisciplinary consensus, a 7-section clinical algorithm was consolidated: “diagnosis and classification of AMI,” “medical treatment of patients with STEMI,” “interventional treatment of patients with STEMI with symptoms lasting <12 hours,” “interventional treatment of patients with STEMI with symptoms lasting >12 hours,” “medical and interventional treatment of patients with NSTEMI,” “treatment following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction,” and “monitoring of patients with AMI in the ICU.” Furthermore, key aspects were defined for implementing the algorithm and the clinical recommendations, as well as for evaluating and monitoring their implementation, referred to as checkpoints (section 8).
Conclusion: The evidence-based clinical recommendations included in this EBCS contribute to standardizing practices and actions related to the diagnosis and treatment of AMI in adults in Colombia and even the region.
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