Asociación entre publicación en revistas científicas y el rendimiento en el examen de ingreso al internado médico en hospitales del Seguro Social de Salud del Perú

Association between publication in scientific journals and performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System

Introducción. Los estudiantes de medicina que participan en actividades de investigación tienen una mayor producción científica y más probabilidades de un mejor rendimiento académico.

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre publicar en revistas científicas revisadas por pares y el rendimiento en el examen de ingreso al internado médico en hospitales del Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) del Perú.

Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal que incluyó estudiantes de medicina que presentaron el examen de ingreso al internado médico en hospitales de EsSalud en 2018 y 2019. La identificación de publicaciones se realizó mediante búsquedas en Google Scholar y PubMed. Se emplearon modelos de regresión y modelos lineales generalizados con familia binomial para evaluar la asociación entre haber publicado al menos un artículo en una revista científica revisada por pares antes del internado y la calificación obtenida en el examen.

Resultados. De 1 465 estudiantes evaluados, 53.17% eran hombres, 57.27% estudiaban en universidades públicas y solo 7.17% había publicado al menos un artículo en revistas científicas revisadas por pares. Los estudiantes con al menos una publicación obtuvieron, en promedio, un punto más en la calificación del examen (Coef: βa 1.02, IC95%: 0.64-1.39; p=0.001); además, haber publicado al menos un artículo antes del internado se asoció con una prevalencia 27% y 20% mayor de calificaciones superiores al promedio (RPa: 1.27, IC95%: 1.17-1.38; p=0.001) y el en tercio superior (RPa: 1.20, IC95%: 1.09-1.32; p=0.001), respectivamente.

Conclusiones. La publicación de al menos un artículo en revistas científicas revisadas por pares antes del internado se asoció con un mejor rendimiento en el examen de ingreso al internado médico en hospitales del EsSalud en Perú, con una mayor prevalencia de calificaciones superiores al promedio y en el tercio superior.

Introduction: Medical students who engage in scientific research activities are more likely to produce scientific work and achieve better academic performance.

Objective: To determine the association between publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals and performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud).

Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study including medical students who took the medical internship admission exam at EsSalud hospitals in 2018 and 2019. Publications were identified through searches on Google Scholar and PubMed. Regression models and generalized linear models with a binomial distribution were used to assess the association between having published at least one article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal prior to the internship and exam score.

Results: Of the 1 465 students evaluated, 53.17% were male, 57.27% studied at public universities, and only 7.17% had published at least one article in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Students with at least one publication scored, on average, one point higher on the exam (β Coeff.: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.64-1.39; p=0.001). Furthermore, having published at least one article before the internship was associated with a 27% and 20% higher prevalence of achieving scores above the average (aPR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.17-1.38; p=0.001) and in the top tertile (aPR: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.09-1.32; p=0.001), respectively.

Conclusions: Publishing at least one article in peer-reviewed scientific journals before the internship was associated with better performance on the medical internship admission exam at EsSalud hospitals in Peru, with a higher prevalence of scores above the average and in the top tertile.

Original research

Hugo Arroyo-Hernández1 Karla Renatta Quijano-Escate2 Juan Carlos Sánchez-Vicente2 Francis Elio Bautista-Ramírez2 Fabian Andrés Chavez-Ecos2

¹ Universidad de Huánuco - Faculty of Health Sciences - Huánuco - Peru.

² Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga - Faculty of Medicine - Scientific Society of Ica Medical Students - Ica - Perú.

Open access

Received: 17/05/2025

Accepted: 23/03/2026

Corresponding author: Hugo Arroyo-Hernández. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco. Huánuco. Perú. E-mail: hugoarroyo2007@gmail.com.

Keywords: Academic Performance; Academic Success; Research; Medical Students; Scholarly Communication (MeSH).

Palabras clave: Rendimiento Académico; Éxito Académico; Investigación; Evaluación de la Investigación en Salud; Estudiantes de Medicina; Comunicación Académica (DeCS).

How to cite: Arroyo-Hernández H, Quijano-EscateKR, Sánchez-Vicente JC, Bautista-Ramírez FE, Chavez-Ecos FA. Association between publication in scientific journals and performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System. Rev. Fac. Med. 2026;74:e120446. English. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v74.120446.

Cómo citar: Arroyo-Hernández H, Quijano-EscateKR, Sánchez-Vicente JC, Bautista-Ramírez FE, Chavez-Ecos FA. [Asociación entre publicación en revistas científicas y el rendimiento en el examen de ingreso al internado médico en hospitales del Seguro Social de Salud del Perú]. Rev. Fac. Med. 2026;74:e120446. English. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v74.120446.

Copyright: ©2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Resumen

Introduction

It has been reported that medical students’ participation in research and publication activities is associated with increased scientific productivity in both the short and long term,1,2 as well as better academic performance, as it strengthens critical thinking, analytical skills, and professional competencies.3 Despite this, multiple studies assessing medical students’ perceptions of research training and publication have found that the main reasons for not conducting research or publishing articles were lack of time and insufficient support and guidance.4-6

In Peru, although undergraduate medical programs offer research courses,7-9 according to a study analyzing 13 medical schools in the country, the percentage of research-related courses does not exceed 10% of the total courses in the curriculum.7 Several factors hinder the development of scientific research in the country, such as limited institutional research and financial support,7 lack of motivation, a shortage of research faculty,8 and insufficient time allocated for this purpose.10

Licensing exams determine who meets the required standards to practice as a physician and who does not,11 making performance on these tests one of the main indicators of academic achievement. Peru has two ways to measure the academic performance of medical students: the Examen Nacional de Medicina (National Medical Exam, or ENAM by its Spanish acronym), a mandatory test that assesses knowledge in basic sciences, clinical sciences, and public health among students about to earn their degrees,12,13 and the medical internship admission exam, a knowledge test that medical students who have completed their sixth year can take to secure a vacancy for the medical internship program in hospitals and healthcare centers belonging to the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud).12,14

In spite of the availability of these exams, no studies in the country assess whether completing the research process, reflected in the publication of scientific articles, correlates with better academic performance. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the association between publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals and performance on the medical internship admission exam in EsSalud hospitals.

Materials and methods

Study design

Cross-sectional analytical study.

Study population and sample

The study population consisted of medical students who registered for the medical internship admission exam in EsSalud hospitals in 2018 and 2019 (N=1 595). Two consecutive years were analyzed to increase the sample size and improve the precision of the estimates, given that the proportion of students with scientific publications could be low. Since the evaluations are part of a standardized process, the exams were assumed to have no substantial modifications in structure, content, or grading criteria during the study period.

Students who took the exam and received a score were included through census sampling. Articles published during and after the medical internship year were excluded to ensure that the exposure (publishing) preceded the outcome (exam score). Abstracts presented at conferences and published as journal supplements were not included.

Procedures

Based on the official applicant records available on the EsSalud website (http://portal.essalud.gob.pe), the following information was collected for each student: full name, gender (inferred from name), type of university (public or private), university location (Lima or other regions of Peru), and year of examination.

Data on article publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals were obtained using a search strategy described in similar studies,15,16 consisting of systematic searches in Google Scholar and PubMed using combinations of the students’ first and last names (paternal and paternal -maternal) with the word “Peru” or the name of the city where the student’s university is located, using the Boolean operator AND; for example, “Carlos Pérez” AND “Peru.

To avoid misclassification due to homonymy, author identity was verified using the institutional affiliation (university), city, and country reported in the article. Additionally, it was verified that the journal was indexed in at least one of the following databases: LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science.

The search for publications was conducted independently by three of the researchers between February and March 2020 following a standardized protocol. To ensure reproducibility and reduce the risk of omitting publications, a fourth author conducted a second review in cases where no articles were identified in the first search. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus.

Variables

The dependent variable was academic performance, defined as the score obtained by the student on the exam. The lowest score on the exam is 0 and the highest is 20. This variable was analyzed as a continuous numerical variable (on a scale of 0 to 20 points) and as a categorical variable, the latter by categorizing performance into two levels: 1) scores above average versus below average and 2) placement in the top tertile of scores versus the middle and lower tertiles.

The independent variable was publication in scientific journals, defined as the publication of at least one article in a peer-reviewed journal prior to the medical internship. To achieve a more detailed characterization of this variable, information was also collected on the type of article (original, case report, review, or letter to the editor), authorship (whether the student was listed as the first author), and the journal’s origin (domestic or foreign).

The socio-educational characteristics available in the applicant records (gender [inferred from name], type of university funding [public or private], university location [Lima or other provinces of Peru], and year of examination [2018 or 2019]) were considered as intervening variables and potential confounding factors. Consequently, they were included in the multivariate models to obtain more robust adjusted estimates.

Statistical analysis

Data are described using absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables and means and standard deviations for quantitative variables, as a normal distribution was observed (Shapiro-Wilk test).

For inferential analysis, homogeneity of variances was assessed using Levene’s test. Subsequently, bivariate analyses (Student’s t-test) were performed to evaluate differences in exam scores between students who had published at least one article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and those without publications. These analyses were conducted for the entire study period (2018-2019) and for each individual year. Differences were also analyzed between the group with no publications and those who were listed as the first author of at least one article, who had published at least one original article, and who had published at least one article in a foreign journal.

The association between the exam score (numerical variable) and the independent variables was assessed using simple and multiple linear regression analyses, reporting crude and adjusted beta regression coefficients, respectively, along with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Moreover, the categorized score (above average vs. below average and top tertile vs. middle and lower tertiles) was evaluated using binomial regression analysis (crude and adjusted) with the identity function via generalized linear models, calculating crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios, with their respective 95%CI. PRs were used because the prevalence of the evaluated outcomes was >10%, which prevents overestimation of the magnitude of the association. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using Stata v.15.0.

Ethical considerations

The applicant lists and their scores are publicly available on the EsSalud website (http://portal.essalud.gob.pe). For the analysis, the students’ identities were removed following a coding process.

Results

In total, 1 595 students registered to take the medical internship admission exam in EsSalud hospitals in 2018 and 2019. There were no exclusions due to the publication of articles or abstracts during or after the internship, but 130 were excluded for failing to take the exam. As a result, data from 1 465 students were finally included (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Flowchart of the selection process of medical students who registered to take the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) in 2018 and 2019.

Source: Own elaboration.

Of the 1 465 students, 53.17% (n=779) were men, 57.27% (n=839) studied at public universities, 53.58% (n=786) studied at universities in Lima, and 52.01% (n=762) took the exam in 2018. The mean score on the exam was 12.71±1.95 (2018: 12.56; 2019: 12.87), and only 105 students (7.17%) had published at least one article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal before their internship (Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of medical students who took the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) in 2018 and 2019 (n=1 465).

Characteristics		n	%
Gender
	Female	686	46.83
	Male	779	53.17
University type
	Public	839	57.27
	Private	626	42.73
University location
	Provinces	679	46.35
	Lima	786	53.65
Exam year
	2018	762	52.01
	2019	703	47.99
Score, mean (SD)
	2018	12.56	(2.03)
	2019	12.87	(1.85)
	Total	12.71	(1.95)
With ≥1 article published in peer-reviewed scientific journals
	No	1 360	92.83
	Yes	105	7.17

SD: standard deviation.

Source: Own elaboration.

The mean score was significantly higher among students who had published at least one article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal prior to their internship than among those without publications, both for the overall study period (13.58±1.59 vs. 12.64±1.69; p=0.001) and for 2018 (12.50±2.00 vs. 13.50±1.90; p=0.001) and 2019 (12.80±1.90 vs. 13.70±1.30; p=0.001) (Figure 2A). Similarly, the mean scores of students who had published at least one article as first author (14.00±1.21; p=0.001), those who had published at least one original article (13.46±1.50; p=0.002), and those who had published at least one article in a foreign journal (13.56±1.55; p=0.001) were significantly higher than those of students without publications (Figure 2B).

Linear regression analyses adjusted for gender, year of exam administration, type of university, and university location showed that students who published at least one article before their internship scored, on average, one point higher on the exam (βa Coeff.: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.64-1.39; p=0.001) (Table 2).

Figure 2. Differences in scores on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) according to A) publications among the total number of students and exam year, and B) authorship (first author), author of an original article, and publication in foreign journals.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 2. Results of linear regression analyses for student performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) in 2018 and 2019 (n=1 465).

Variables		Simple linear regression			Multiple linear regression
		Crude β	(95%CI)	p-value	Adjusted β	(95%CI)	p-value
≥ 1 article published in peer-reviewed scientific journals
	No	1.00			1.00
	Yes	0.94	0.55-1.32	0.001	1.02	0.64-1.39	0.001
Gender
	Female	1.00			1.00
	Male	0.25	0.05-0.45	0.014	0.14	(-0.54)-(0.33)	0.159
University type
	Public	1.00			1.00
	Private	-0.87	(-1.07)-(-0.68)	0.001	-1.01	(-1.21)-(-0.79)	0.001
University location
	Provinces	1.00			1.00
	Lima	0.11	(-0.94)-(0.31)	0.295	0.44	0.23-0.64	0.001
Exam year
	2018	1.00			1.00
	2019	0.31	0.11-0.51	0.003	0.23	0.03-0.42	0.021

Source: Own elaboration.

Finally, in the binomial regression analysis, having published at least one article in a scientific journal prior to medical internship was associated with a 27% higher prevalence of obtaining above-average grades (aPR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.17-1.38; p=0.001) (Table 3) and a 20% higher prevalence of scores in the top tertile (aPR: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.09-1.32; p=0.001) (Table 4).

Table 3. Association between publication of ≥1 article in peer-reviewed scientific journals and performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud). Binomial regression analysis.

Variables		Below-average*		Above-average*		Crude analysis			Adjusted analysis
		n	%	n	%	PR	(95%CI)	p-value	aPR	(95%CI)	p-value
≥ 1 article published in peer-reviewed scientific journals
	No	705	51.84	655	48.16	1.00			1.00
	Yes	30	28.57	75	71.43	1.26	1.15-1.38	0.001	1.27	1.17-1.38	0.001
Gender
	Female	362	52.77	324	47.23	1.00			1.00
	Male	373	47.88	406	52.12	1.05	0.99-1.10	0.062	1.02	0.97-1.08	0.326
University type
	Public	348	41.48	491	58.52	1.00			1.00
	Private	387	61.82	239	38.18	0.82	0.77-0.85	0.001	0.80	0.76-0.84	0.001
University location
	Provinces	340	50.00	340	50.00	1.00			1.00
	Lima	395	50.32	390	49.68	0.99	0.94-1.05	0.903	1.08	1.03-1.14	0.003
Exam year
	2018	382	50.13	380	49.87	1.00			1.00
	2019	353	50.21	350	49.79	0.99	0.94-1.05	0.975	0.98	0.93-1.03	0.428

* The average was calculated for each exam year.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 4. Association between publication of ≥1 article in peer-reviewed scientific journals and tertile performance on the medical internship admission exam in hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud). Binomial regression analysis

Variable		Middle and lower tertiles*		Top tertile*		Crude analysis			Adjusted analysis
		n	(%)	n	(%)	PR	(95%CI)	p-value	aPR	(95%CI)	p-value
≥ 1 article published in peer-reviewed scientific journals
	No	926	68.09	434	31.91	1.00			1.00
	Yes	54	51.43	51	48.57	1.18	1.07-1.29	0.001	1.20	1.09-1.32	0.001
Gender
	Female	477	69.53	209	30.47	1.00			1.00
	Male	503	64.57	276	35.43	1.05	1.00-1.10	0.043	1.03	0.98-1.08	0.180
University type
	Public	507	60.43	332	39.57	1.00			1.00
	Private	473	75.56	153	24.44	0.86	0.82-0.90	0.001	0.84	0.80-0.88	0.001
University location
	Provinces	462	67.94	218	32.06	1.00			1.00
	Lima	518	65.99	267	34.01	1.02	0.97-1.07	0.427	1.07	1.02-1.13	0.004
Exam year
	2018	510	66.93	252	33.07	1.00			1.00
	2019	470	66.86	233	33.14	1.00	0.95-1.05	0.976	0.99	0.95-1.04	0.781

* Tertiles were calculated for each exam year.

Source: Own elaboration.

Discussion

The findings of this study show that medical students who published at least one article in peer-reviewed scientific journals scored, on average, one point higher on the medical internship admission exam for EsSalud hospitals in Peru (βa Coeff.: 1.02, p=0.001). Likewise, having published at least 1 article in a scientific journal was associated with a 27% and 20% higher prevalence of above-average scores (aPR 1.27; p=0.001) and scores in the top tertile (aPR 1.20; p=0.001), respectively. It should be noted that, based on a review of the relevant literature, no studies have directly evaluated the association between publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals and performance on medical internship admission exams, which precludes a direct comparison of these findings.

This lack of evidence underscores the novelty of the present study within the context of medical education, especially since the findings are consistent with international studies linking undergraduate engagement in research to the development of cognitive skills.1-3 In fact, the literature describes that, although medical students’ engagement in research activities is considered a critical component of their training, evidence on the association between this engagement and learning outcomes is scarce.17

According to Al-Busaidi et al.,18 who conducted a meta-analysis of 48 school-based “writing-to-learn” programs (46 studies), writing to learn produces a small, positive effect on content learning and the achievement of learning outcomes compared to conventional teaching methods. This could explain our findings, in which students who participated in publishing scientific articles performed better on the medical internship admission exam.

Unlike other studies in which medical students’ engagement in scientific research has been primarily associated with long-term achievements, such as securing grants and faculty positions,1,2,19 this study assessed their engagement in scientific publications prior to the start of their medical internship. Some authors have reported that early engagement in research activities contributes to developing skills that enhance individual and collective performance, which could be reflected in better academic achievements.19-21 Furthermore, in the specific case of medical students, based on a recent scoping review, engagement in research activities strengthens critical thinking, analytical skills, and professional competencies, resulting in improved academic performance.3

It should be noted that the association observed in this study does not necessarily imply a causal relationship, as students with higher academic achievement or stronger skills may be more prone to engaging in research activities and publishing scientific articles, suggesting a potential self-selection bias.

In this study, the variable “university type” (public vs. private) did not modify the association between publishing at least one article in peer-reviewed scientific journals and better performance on the medical internship admission exam when included in the adjusted analysis. However, in Peru, differences have been reported between public and private universities in terms of educational quality and scientific production; for example, public university students have performed better on the ENAM.22

In this study, gender had no influence on the association between publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals before the medical internship and a higher score on the medical internship admission exam. However, in Peru there is a gender gap in terms of scientific production, with men having a higher number of publications.23 In this regard, evaluating gender differences in scientific publication and research engagement among medical students in the country is recommended. In New Zealand, a study analyzing data from medical students who had published in a student medical journal found that, while gender was not significantly associated with publication rates prior to graduation, the mean number of publications after graduation was significantly higher in men than in women (4.28 vs. 0.60; p<0.001).19

This study has several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design does not allow for the establishment of a causal relationship. Second, there is a potential selection bias, as the voluntary nature of the study may favor the participation of students with better academic performance and discourage those who choose to complete their internships in hospitals of the Ministry of Health affiliated with their universities. Third certain confounding factors were not controlled for, such as participation in extracurricular research activities and access to academic tutoring or research networks. Fourth, unmeasured factors such as intrinsic motivation, study discipline, or achievement orientation may act as residual confounders; in other words, more motivated and disciplined students might be more prone to publishing and achieving better exam performance. Lastly, underreporting of publications is possible because not all scientific journals are indexed in PubMed and, although Google Scholar searches offer broader coverage, they lack standardized filters, making it difficult to identify articles if the author’s name is misspelled or not clearly linked to an institution.

Conclusion

Publishing at least one article in peer-reviewed scientific journals before the internship was associated with better performance on the medical internship admission exam at EsSalud hospitals in Peru, showing a higher prevalence of above-average and top-tertile scores.

Conflicts of interest

None stated by the authors.

Funding

None stated by the authors.

Acknowledgments

None stated by the authors.

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