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Progresión de las principales complicaciones microvasculares diabéticas en un periodo >1 año desde su diagnóstico en pacientes del norte del Perú
Progression of major diabetic microvascular complications over a period >1 year since their diagnosis in patients from northern Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v74.121536Palabras clave:
Monitoreo Ambulatorio, Complicaciones de la Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, Pacientes, Hospitales Públicos, Perú (es)Monitoring, Ambulatory, Diabetes Complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Patients, Hospitals, Public, Peru (en)
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Introducción. Las complicaciones microvasculares son la principal consecuencia de la progresión de la diabetes mellitus (DM). Estas complicaciones afectan significativamente la calidad de vida y aumentan la tasa de mortalidad en estos pacientes. La neuropatía, la retinopatía y la nefropatía diabéticas son las complicaciones microvasculares más frecuentes.
Objetivo. Describir la progresión de las principales complicaciones microvasculares diabéticas en un periodo >1 año desde su diagnóstico en pacientes atendidos en un hospital regional del norte del Perú.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y longitudinal, realizado con datos de 185 pacientes diagnosticados con al menos una de las principales complicaciones microvasculares diabéticas (i.e., nefropatía, neuropatía y retinopatía diabéticas) atendidos durante 2023 en el Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Perú. Se recolectó información sobre la etapa o fase clínica de cada complicación en 5 diferentes momentos (momento de diagnóstico y a los 3, 6, 12 meses y en la última evaluación desde el diagnóstico). Para evaluar la progresión de la nefropatía, la neuropatía y la retinopatía diabéticas, las medidas de estas complicaciones microvasculares (i.e., frecuencia o proporción de pacientes en las diferentes etapas o fases de la condición) fueron comparadas en los múltiples momentos evaluados mediante las pruebas Friedman y Q de Cochran.
Resultados. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron mujeres (61.62%), con una mediana de edad de 60 años (RIQ: 50.50-69) (adultos mayores: 50.81%); la edad promedio de diagnóstico fue 52.24±12.61 años y la mediana del tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico de DM fue 6 años [RIQ: 2-9]. La neuropatía diabética fue la complicación más frecuente (58.92%), seguida de la retinopatía diabética (40.00%). La progresión de la nefropatía diabética entre el momento de diagnóstico (etapa 1: 81.36%; etapa 2: 8.47%; etapa 3: 8.47%) y la última valoración (23.81%, 49.21%, 22.22%) fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001). Este también fue el caso para la nefropatía diabética (79.82% en fase subclínica y 20.18% en fase clínica al momento del diagnóstico vs. 38.46% y 51.28% en la última valoración [>1 año desde el diagnóstico], p<0.001).
Conclusión. Se observó un empeoramiento estadísticamente significativo de la neuropatía diabética y de la nefropatía diabética entre el momento de diagnóstico y la última evaluación (>1 año desde el diagnóstico). La prevalencia de cada una de las tres complicaciones microvasculares fue alta, en particular la neuropatía diabética.
Introduction: Microvascular complications are the main consequence of the diabetes mellitus (DM) progression. These complications significantly affect quality of life and increase the mortality rate of these patients. Diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy are the most frequent microvascular complications.
Objective: To describe the progression of the major diabetic microvascular complications over a period >1 year since their diagnosis in patients treated at a regional hospital in northern Peru.
Materials and methods: This retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted using data from 185 patients diagnosed with at least one of the major diabetic microvascular complications (i.e., diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy) treated during 2023 at the Regional Hospital of Cajamarca, Peru. Information regarding the clinical stage or phase of each complication was collected at 5 different time points: at diagnosis, at 3, 6, and 12 months, and at the last evaluation since diagnosis. To assess the progression of diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, the measures of these microvascular complications (i.e., frequency or proportion of patients in the different stages or phases of the condition) were compared across the multiple time points using Friedman and Cochran’s Q tests.
Results: Most patients were women (61.62%), with a median age of 60 years (IQR: 50.50–69) (older adults: 50.81%). The mean age at diagnosis was 52.24 ± 12.61 years, and the median time elapsed since DM diagnosis was 6 years [IQR: 2–9]. Diabetic neuropathy was the most common complication (58.92%), followed by diabetic retinopathy (40.00%). The progression of diabetic nephropathy between the time of its diagnosis (stage 1: 81.36; stage 2: 8.47%; stage 3: 8.47%) and the last evaluation (23.81%, 49.21%, 22.22%) was statistically significant (p<0.001). This was also the case for diabetic nephropathy (79.82% in the subclinical phase and 20.18% in the clinical phase at the time of diagnosis vs. 38.46% and 51.28% at the last assessment [>1 year since diagnosis], p<0.001).
Conclusion: A statistically significant worsening of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy was observed between the time of complication diagnosis and the last evaluation (>1 year since diagnosis). The prevalence of each of the three microvascular complications was high, particularly diabetic neuropathy.
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