Contaminación del aire domiciliario y enfermedades respiratorias (infección respiratoria aguda baja, EPOC, cáncer de pulmón y asma) evidencias de asociación.

Publicado

2008-01-01

Contaminación del aire domiciliario y enfermedades respiratorias (infección respiratoria aguda baja, EPOC, cáncer de pulmón y asma) evidencias de asociación.

Home air pollution and respiratory illnesses (low sharp respiratory infection, COPD, lung cancer and asthma): evidences of association

Palabras clave:

contaminación del aire, enfermedades respiratorias, infecciones del tracto respiratorio, humo, biomasa, cáncer del pulmón (neoplasias pulmonares). (es)
air pollution, respiratory tract diseases, respiratory tract infections, smoke, biomass, lung neoplasms. (en)

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Autores/as

Nelson Alvis Guzmán Grupo de Investigaciones en Economía de la Salud. Universidad de Cartagena
Fernando De la Hoz Restrepo Profesor, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Resumen (es)
Resumen (en)

Antecedentes. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y análisis bibliométrico de estudios que han intentado determinar la asociación entre exposición al humo de biomasa (madera, carbón vegetal, estiércol, residuos de la agricultura) como factor de riesgo para enfermedades respiratorias.
Objetivo. Identificar los efectos adversos sobre el sistema respiratorio que han sido estudiados en la literatura, las tendencias de la investigación en este campo durante la última década y las recomendaciones para prevenir los daños ocasionados por esta exposición.
Material y métodos. Fueron revisadas las bases de datos Medline y Lilacs, a través del Sistema Bireme, y PubMed se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica entre 1993 y 2005. La palabra clave de búsqueda fue "indoor air pollution" pero la estrategia de búsqueda tuvo en cuenta los posibles sinónimos y, especialmente, los errores con palabras homónimas. Otros descriptores usados fueron: "respiratory disease", "firewood and respiratory diseases" y "wood o firewood smoke".
Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 574 documentos de los cuales el 71 por ciento fueron artículos de investigación y el 15 por ciento artículos de revisión. La mayor parte de los artículos han sido producidos en países desarrollados y China mientras que la evidencia desde Latinoamérica es muy escasa. La exposición al humo de la biomasa se asocio de manera fuerte con: infección respiratoria aguda baja en niños menores de cinco años, con EPOC en mujeres mayores de 30 años y con cáncer de pulmón en mujeres mayores de 30 años. Se encontró una asociación moderada entre exposición a humo de biomasa y cáncer de pulmón o EPOC en hombres mayores de 30 años así como con cáncer de pulmón en mujeres mayores de 30 años.
Conclusiones. Los resultados de los estudios sugieren que el efecto de la contaminación es mayor en los grupos mas jóvenes de la población contribuyendo de manera importante a la carga de enfermedad respiratoria en menores de 30 años.

Background. A literature review was carried out on studies done on the relationship between exposure to indoor air pollution (smoke from coal, wood and animal detritus) and respiratory diseases.
Objective. Identifying the adverse effects on the respiratory system that have been studied in the literature, the tendencies of the investigation in this field during the last decade and the recommendations to prevent the caused damages by this exposition, a review of the scientific literature between 1993 he was carried out and 2005.
Materials and methods. Literature databases, MEDLINE and LILACS, were thoroughly searched using "indoor air pollution" as key words. The search had in account potential pitfalls arising from synonymous and homonymous. Other words using during the search included: "respiratory disease", "firewood and respiratory diseases", "wood smoke" and "firewood smoke".
Results: Overall, 574 papers were retrieved from the search being 71% of them original research and 15% review papers. Most of the articles came from developed countries and China while Latin-American studies were very scarce. The strongest associations were found between indoor air pollution and lower respiratory infection in children less than 5 years old, pulmonary chronic illness in women under 30 years old and lung cancer among women within the same age group.
Conclusion: The reviewed studies suggest that the effect of the indoor air pollution is higher among the youngest substantially contributing to the burden of respiratory disease among those under 30's.

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Citas

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