Publicado

2007-04-01

Encefalopatía neonatal. Algo más que asfixia al nacer

Neonathal encefhalopathy something more that perinatal asphysia

Palabras clave:

encefalopatías, hiperglicinemia no cetósica (HGNC), errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM), fenotipo. (es)
brain diseases, hyperglycinemia, nonketotic, metabolism, inborn errors (IEM), phenotype (en)

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Autores/as

  • Yolanda Cifuentes C. Pediatra Neonatóloga, Profesor Asociado División de Neonatología Instituto Materno Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Bogotá.
  • Martha Bermúdez Bióloga, Unidad de Biología de la Procreación, Instituto Materno Infantil, Universidad Javeriana, Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca.
  • Clara Arteaga MSc Genética, Profesor Asociado Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Coordinador Unidad Biología de la Procreación, Instituto Materno Infantil
La hiperglicinemia no cetósica (HGNC) es un error innato del metabolismo, de carácter recesivo, debido a un defecto en el sistema de clivaje, que ocasiona acumulación de glicina en la sangre y en el sistema nervioso central, donde activa dos receptores diferentes. El receptor localizado en la médula espinal, inhibitorio, provoca la apnea y el hipo de estos pacientes. El receptor cortical, excitatorio, produce la lesión cerebral y las convulsiones. Se presenta la historia de un recién nacido masculino, a término, que se torna encefalopático en los primeros días de vida. No presentó hipoglicemia, acidosis metabólica, cetosis ni hiperamonemia. La ecografía transfontanelar fue normal. A los seis días ameritó ventilación mecánica. La cromatografía en capa fina mostró banda de glicina en plasma y orina. El paciente recibió manejo con benzoato de sodio, diazepam y restricción proteica. A los 20 días de vida presentó mejoría neurológica y salió del hospital a los 42 días de vida con igual manejo. El estudio de acilcarnitinas en sangre por tandem-masas hecho en Santiago de Compostela fue normal. La cuantificación de aminoácidos hecha en el CEDEM mostró aumento de los niveles de glicina en plasma y LCR y la relación glicina LCR / plasma confirmó el diagnóstico de hiperglicinemia no cetósica típica. Se revisan las causas de encefalopatía neonatal y se plantea una secuencia para el diagnóstico.
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is an inborn error of metabolism resulting from a defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme system, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by elevated concentrations of glycine in blood and central nervous system. Accumulation of glycine in the brain is thought to cause excessive stimulation of the inhibitory and excitatory receptors presenting apnea, hipcus, seizures and brain damage. We report a full-term male newborn with encephalopathy in the first days of life. He did not present hypoglicemia, metabolic acidosis, non hyperammonemia cetosis. The brain ultrasonography was normal. At six days of age he presents respiratory failure and needs mecanic ventilation. Thin layer chromatography shows glycine in plasma and urine. He was treated with sodium benzoate, diazepam and a low-protein diet. He improved and at 42 days of age he was discharged with the same treatment. The acylcarnitine profile does in Santiago de Compostela was normal. The concentrations of amino acids does in CEDEM was found elevated glycine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and the glycine ratio LCR/plasma establish the diagnosis of Typical Neonatal non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. We revised the etiology of neonatal encephalopathy and proposed diagnostic secuency.

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Cifuentes C., Y., Bermúdez, M., & Arteaga, C. (2007). Encefalopatía neonatal. Algo más que asfixia al nacer. Revista De La Facultad De Medicina, 55(2), 126-134. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revfacmed/article/view/22059