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Intoxicación con rodenticidas: casos reportados al Centro de Información, Gestión e Investigación en Toxicología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Rodenticide poisoning cases reported to the Toxicology Research, Management and Information Center, National University of Colombia
Palabras clave:
Venenos, Envenenamiento, Síntomas Toxicológicos, Sustancias Tóxicas, Toxicidad, Colombia (es)Poison, Poisoning, Toxicological Symptoms, Toxic Substances, Toxicity, Colombia (en)
Antecedentes. Los rodenticidas son sustancias químicas destinadas al control de roedores, provocándoles la muerte por diferentes mecanismos: inhibiendo sus sistemas de coagulación sanguínea, bloqueando la enzima acetil colinesterasa, alterando el ciclo de Krebs y por inhibición de sistemas enzimáticos con desplazamiento celular de iones.
Objetivo. Identificar los rodenticidas involucrados de manera más frecuente en casos de intoxicaciones agudas en Colombia.
Materiales y métodos. Investigación descriptiva retrospectiva, donde se revisaron casos de intoxicaciones por rodenticidas reportados al Centro de Información, Gestión e Investigación en Toxicología (CIGITOX) en 2012, ocurridos en Colombia y algunos países de Suramérica.
Resultados. Se reportaron 177 casos de exposiciones a rodenticidas, más de un 80% de los casos en población joven, 53% de ellos en el sexo femenino y 69% por intentos de suicidio. Los departamentos de Valle del Cauca, Antioquia y Cundinamarca fueron los que más reportaron casos, mientras que un 45% de los eventos ocurrieron en el hogar de la víctima. El rodenticida más usado fue el carbamato aldicarb con 55% de los eventos, seguido por rodenticidas anticoagulantes con 29% y fluoroacetato de sodio con 12%; en la intoxicación con anticoagulantes predominaron los pacientes asintomáticos con 45% de los eventos, en la intoxicación con carbamatos fueron las crisis colinérgicas con 60% y en la intoxicación con fluoroacetato de sodio fueron más frecuentes los síntomas gastrointestinales y del sistema nervioso periférico con 45%. El 64% de los pacientes fue dado de alta después de observación y tratamiento básico, 26% de ellos fue remitido a nivel superior de atención y 5% no se pudo determinar su evolución.
Conclusiones. Las intoxicaciones por rodenticidas traen consigo una alta morbilidad y sin intervenciones médicas precisas y oportunas pueden llegar a ser letales.
Background. Rodenticides are chemical compounds designed to kill rats and mice through different mechanisms: by impairing their clotting systems; by blocking the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, resulting in a severe cholinergic crisis, by halting the Krebs cycle and therefore cellular respiration or by inhibition of cellular enzyme systems with ion displacement.
Objective. To identify the most frequently involved rodenticides in cases of acute poisoning in Colombia.
Materials and methods. A retrospective, descriptive research has been developed, and is a review of cases that took place in Colombia and other South American countries. These cases were reported to the Toxicology Research, Management and Information Center CIGITOX, in 2012.
Results. 177 cases of rodenticide exposures were reported from april to august 2012; more than 80% of the cases occurred to youngsters, 53% of them involved the female gender while 69% were due to suicidal attempts. The departments of Valle del Cauca, Antioquia and Cundinamarca reported most of the cases; and 45% of the events took place in the victim's home. The most used rodenticide was the carbamate aldicarb in 55% of the events, followed by anticoagulant rodenticides with 29% and sodium fluoroacetate with 12%; in the events with anticoagulant rodenticides, most patients were asymptomatic (45% of cases), 60% of the carbamate intoxications were featured with cholinergic crises, and in the sodium fluoroacetate poisoning, gastrointestinal upset and symptoms from the peripheral nervous system were dominant with 45% of the events. Sixty four percent of the patients were discharged after few hours of clinical observation and supportive care, while 26% of them were referred to tertiary care hospitals; 5% of the patients had their fate unclear.
Conclusions. The rodenticide intoxication brings along high morbidity, this might be fatal if there is no proper and timely medical attention.
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Derechos de autor 2014 Revista de la Facultad de Medicina
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 Unported.
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