Relación entre tráfico vehicular y concentraciones de metales pesados en sedimentos viales de Bogotá, Colombia

Publicado

2019-04-01

Correlation between vehicular traffic and heavy metal concentrations in road sediments of Bogotá, Colombia

Relación entre tráfico vehicular y concentraciones de metales pesados en sedimentos viales de Bogotá, Colombia

Palabras clave:

Environmental Pollution, Heavy Metals, Lead, Public Health, Vehicle Emissions (en)
Contaminación ambiental, Emisiones de vehículos, Metales pesados, Plomo, Salud pública (es)

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Autores/as

Carlos Zafra-Mejía Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas - Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources - Environmental Engineering Research Group (GIIAUD) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-4897
Álvaro Gutiérrez-Malaxechebarria Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas - Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources - Environmental Engineering Research Group (GIIAUD) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-1610
Yolanda Hernández-Peña Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas - Facultad de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales - Maestría en Desarrollo Sustentable y Gestión Ambiental

Introduction: Diseases such as asthma and lung cancer are associated with heavy traffic in urban areas. A deep understanding of the pollutants generated by road traffic is relevant to public health control.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between vehicular traffic intensity and heavy metal concentrations in road sediments in the city of Bogota, Colombia.

Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study was performed. The degree of road pollution was assessed based on reference legislation for the protection of human health (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact). Heavy metal concentrations (lead, zinc and copper) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Regression models between traffic intensity and metal concentrations were developed.

Results: The size fraction <250 µm of the road sediment was representative to analyze the correlation between traffic intensity and heavy metal concentrations. Lead was the heavy metal of greatest concern from the view point of public health in Bogotá.

Conclusions: The following public health limits for control decision-making regarding lead are proposed: lower limit = 4 850 vehicles/day; upper limit = 11 300 vehicles/day.

Introducción. Enfermedades como el asma y el cáncer de pulmón se han asociado al tráfico vehicular intenso de áreas urbanas. Un entendimiento profundo de los contaminantes generados desde este fenómeno es relevante para el control de la salud pública.

Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre intensidad de tráfico vehicular y concentración de metales pesados en sedimentos viales en la mega ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia.

Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se evaluó el grado de contaminación vial con respecto a la legislación de referencia para la protección de la salud humana (inhalación, ingestión y contacto dérmico). La concentración de metales pesados (plomo, zinc y cobre) en sedimentos viales se determinó mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica con llama. Se desarrollaron modelos de regresión entre intensidad de tráfico y concentraciones de metales.

Resultados. La fracción de tamaño <250µm del sedimento vial fue representativa para analizar la relación entre intensidad de tráfico y concentración de metales pesados. Plomo fue el metal de mayor atención desde el punto de vista de la salud pública en Bogotá.

Conclusiones. Se proponen los siguientes límites para la toma de decisiones de control por contaminación con plomo: límite inferior 4 850 vehículos/día y límite superior 11 300 vehículos/día.

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