Publicado

2021-07-01

VIPoma: a rare cause of diarrhea. A case report

VIPoma: una causa poco frecuente de diarrea. Case repor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v69n3.81603

Palabras clave:

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Vipoma, Diarrhea, Case Report, Hypokalemia (en)
Péptido intestinal vasoactivo, Vipoma, Hipopotasemia, Diarrea, Deshidratación (es)

Autores/as

  • Sara María Sánchez-Salazar Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7933-6129
  • Santiago Torres-Alzate Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-9848
  • Viviana Marcela Muñoz-Cortés Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-1123
  • Carlos Alfonso Builes-Barrera Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. | Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación - Unidad Funcional de Enfermedades Crónicas Oncología y Neurociencias – Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-117X
  • Jorge Iván Gutiérrez-Montoya Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. | Hospital San Vicente Fundación - Unidad Funcional de Trauma Cirugía y Osteomuscular - Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-4500
  • Alejandro Román-González Universidad de Antioquia - Facultad de Medicina - Medellín - Colombia. | Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación - Unidad Funcional de Enfermedades Crónicas Oncología y Neurociencias – Medellín - Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-1035

Introduction: Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumor (VIPoma) is a rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (F-PNET) characterized by secretory diarrhea, hypokalemia, and hypochlorhydria. Its low incidence and high risk of malignancy pose a clinical challenge that requires a high degree of clinical suspicion.

Case presentation: A 61-year-old woman visited the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Medellín, Colombia, due to chronic diarrhea (7 months) that led to dehydration, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, and hypokalemia. As a result, a treatment based on loperamide, intravenous fluids and broad-spectrum antibiotics was started. In addition, chromogranin A levels of 477 ug/L (<100) were reported, while an abdominal MRI showed a 33x30mm mass in the head and uncinate process of the pancreas, so outpatient surgical management was decided. However, three days after discharge, and due to the persistence of clinical signs, the patient was admitted to another hospital (also a tertiary care hospital), where, given the high suspicion of VIPoma, and once the diarrhea was solved, the mass was removed (Whipple procedure) without any complication. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed based on serum vasoactive intestinal peptide levels (930 pg/mL (RV<75)) and the pathology report (PNET tumor grade 2). Two years after the surgery, the patient was asymptomatic, and no residual lesions or metastases were evident in a control MRI.

Conclusion: Late diagnosis of VIPoma is associated with worsened quality of life, severe complications, and high prevalence of metastasis. Therefore, it should be suspected in patients with chronic secretory diarrhea that is not caused by an infection, since early diagnosis and timely treatment can contribute to achieving better survival rates in these patients.

Introducción. El tumor secretor de péptido intestinal vasoactivo o VIPoma es un tumor funcional neuroendocrino pancreático (F-PNET) raro caracterizado por diarrea secretora, hipokalemia e hipoclorhidria. Su baja incidencia y alto riesgo de malignidad representan un reto clínico que requiere un alto grado de sospecha clínica.

Presentación del caso. Mujer de 61 años quien consultó al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel en Medellín, Colombia, por diarrea crónica (7 meses) que llevó a deshidratación, falla renal, acidosis metabólica e hipokalemia, por lo que se inició manejo con loperamida, líquidos endovenosos y antibióticos de amplio espectro. Además, se reportaron niveles de cromogranina A de 477 ug/L (<100) y, mediante resonancia magnética (RM) abdominal, se identificó masa de 33x30mm en cabeza y proceso uncinado de páncreas, por lo que se decidió manejo quirúrgico ambulatorio. Sin embargo, tres días después del alta, la paciente ingresó, por persistencia de los signos, a un segundo hospital (también de tercer nivel), donde ante la alta sospecha de VIPoma, y una vez superada la diarrea, se extirpó la masa (procedimiento de Whipple). Finalmente, con base en los niveles séricos de péptido intestinal vasoactivo (930 pg/ml (VR<75)) y el informe de patología (tumor PNET grado 2), se confirmó el diagnóstico. Dos años después del procedimiento, la paciente se encontraba asintomática y sin evidencia de lesiones residuales ni metástasis en RM de control.

Conclusión. El diagnóstico tardío de VIPoma se asocia con detrimento de la calidad de vida, complicaciones graves y alta prevalencia de metástasis, por lo que debe sospecharse en pacientes con diarrea crónica secretora no causada por infecciones, pues de diagnosticarse a tiempo e iniciarse el tratamiento oportuno se pueden lograr mejores tasas de supervivencia en estos pacientes.

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