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School food environments and child feeding practices: An ethnographic approach in schools located in Cali, Colombia
Ambientes alimentarios escolares y alimentación infantil: una aproximación etnográfica en colegios de Cali, Colombia
Palabras clave:
Environment, Feeding Behavior, Child, Education (en)Ambiente, Conducta Alimentaria, Niños, Educación (es)
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Introduction: Schools are the most important settings for promoting healthy eating through their food environments.
Objective: To characterize the physical, sociocultural, political, and economic aspects of food environments in four schools of different socio-economic levels from Cali, Colombia.
Materials and methods: Qualitative study based on a focused ethnography approach. Information was collected through participant observation during 12 weeks in four schools (3 weeks per school), with a total of 1 409 children aged 8 to 12 enrolled in grades third through sixth. Institutional documents were analyzed, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 key informants (executive, administrative, and operational staff).
Results: School food environments were characterized by the availability of ultra-processed foods at low prices, as opposed to a limited supply of fruits at high prices. In all schools, there was a lack of school health policies regarding healthy eating, and compliance with the provisions of Law 1355/2009 on the prevention of obesity was poor in three schools. The presence of healthy eating promotion policies and activities was associated with the importance of nutrition in the high socioeconomic level school.
Conclusions: It is necessary to enforce the implementation of public policies on the prevention of childhood obesity, as well as monitor compliance of schools with the relevant legislation through actions that favor nutrition as a fundamental part of a comprehensive education, including the elimination of vending machines for snacks and sugary drinks, the establishment of a mandatory healthy menu in school cafeterias, and the reduction of prices of healthy foods.
Introducción. Los colegios son los principales escenarios para promover la alimentación saludable a partir de sus ambientes alimentarios.
Objetivo. Caracterizar los aspectos físicos, socioculturales, políticos y económicos de los ambientes alimentarios de cuatro colegios de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) de Cali, Colombia.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo basado en un enfoque de etnografía focalizada. Se recolectó información durante 12 semanas mediante observación participante en 4 colegios (3 semanas por colegio), con un total de 1 409 niños con edades entre los 8 y los 12 años matriculados en los grados tercero a sexto. Además, se analizaron documentos institucionales de los colegios y se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a 14 informantes clave (personal directivo, administrativo, operativo y docente de las 4 instituciones).
Resultados. Los ambientes alimentarios escolares se caracterizaron por ofrecer alimentos ultraprocesados a precios bajos, en contraste con una baja oferta de frutas con precios altos. No se observaron políticas de salud escolar que contemplen la alimentación saludable y el cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la Ley 1355 de 2009, sobre la prevención de la obesidad, es pobre en 3 colegios. La importancia de la alimentación en el colegio de NSE alto se relacionó con políticas y acciones de promoción de hábitos de alimentación saludable.
Conclusiones. Es necesario fortalecer la implementación de políticas públicas de prevención de la obesidad infantil, así como monitorear el cumplimiento de la legislación sobre el tema en los colegios, mediante acciones que favorezcan la alimentación como parte fundamental de una educación integral, tales como la eliminación de máquinas dispensadoras de snacks y bebidas azucaradas, el establecimiento de un menú obligatorio más saludable en las cafeterías escolares y la reducción de los precios de alimentos saludables.
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Derechos de autor 2021 Revista de la Facultad de Medicina
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 Unported.
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