Publicado

2017-01-01

Reynolds Syndrome: a rare rheumatologic disease that internists should have in mind. Case report

Síndrome de Reynolds: una rara enfermedad reumatológica que los internistas deberían tener en mente. Reporte de un caso

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.59982

Palabras clave:

Reynolds Syndrome, Scleroderma, Limited, Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary, Raynaud phenomenon, Hypertension, Pulmonary (en)
Síndrome de Reynolds, Esclerodermia Limitada, Cirrosis Biliar, Fenómeno de Reyunad, Hipertensión Pulmonar (es)

Autores/as

  • Jairo Morantes-Caballero Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Nairo Cano-Arenas Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Juan Francisco Rodríguez de Narváez Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Introduction. Reynolds syndrome (RS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by overlapping primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc). Some published cases do not report pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and diagnoses are usually based on clinical, immunological and histological findings, mainly focused on dermatologic features, on those associated with Sjögren's syndrome, or on an interesting presentation of malignant thymoma; only one case of reported PAH was found, but it was an image report.

Case Presentation. This paper reports the case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with some of the features mentioned above, severe PAH, dyspnea for one month and two weeks of purulent expectoration, as well as generalized pruritus, nasal telangiectasias, Raynaud phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and high levels of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension was documented through a transthoracic echocardiogram, and inmunoflorecence reported mitochondrial and centromere patterns of antinuclear-antibodies. Consequently, RS was diagnosed and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors were started for PAH treatment resulting in the improvement of dyspnea.  

Conclusion. Dyspnea could be caused by many conditions, but in the presence of clinical and physical findings, it suggests an autoimmune disorder. Scleroderma should be considered and, additionally, PAH should be investigated since it is present in up to 10% of patients, conferring a worse prognosis. Internists should keep in mind that these disorders may be associated with other autoimmune diseases.      

Introducción. El síndrome de Reynolds (RS) es un trastorno autoinmune caracterizado por la superposición de la cirrosis biliar primaria (PBC) y la esclerosis sistémica cutánea limitada (lcSSc). Algunos casos publicados no informan hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP), y los diagnósticos se basan generalmente en hallazgos clínicos, inmunológicos e histológicos, centrados principalmente en las características dermatológicas, en los asociados con el síndrome de Sjögren, o en una presentación interesante de timoma maligno; solo se encontró un caso de HAP informada, pero fue un informe de imagen.

Presentación del caso. Este artículo informa el caso de una mujer de 75 años que presentó algunas de las características mencionadas anteriormente, HAP grave, disnea durante un mes y dos semanas de expectoración purulenta, así como prurito generalizado, telangiectasias nasales, fenómeno de Raynaud, esclerodactilia y altos niveles de fosfatasa alcalina y transaminasas. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar se documentó a través de un ecocardiograma transtorácico, y la inmunoflorecencia informó patrones mitocondriales y centrómeros de anticuerpos antinucleares. En consecuencia, se diagnosticó RS y se iniciaron los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 para el tratamiento de la HAP, lo que resultó en una mejoría de la disnea.

Conclusión. La disnea puede ser causada por muchas afecciones, pero en presencia de hallazgos clínicos y físicos, sugiere un trastorno autoinmune. Se debe considerar la esclerodermia y, además, se debe investigar la HAP, ya que está presente en hasta un 10% de los pacientes, lo que confiere un peor pronóstico. Los internistas deben tener en cuenta que estos trastornos pueden estar asociados con otras enfermedades autoinmunes.

Referencias

Chaisson NF, Hassoun PM. Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2013;144(4):1346-56. http://doi.org/bzcs

Koenig M, Joyal F, Vincent V, Fritzler MJ, Poliquin M, Dominguez M, et al. Cirrhose biliaire primitive et sclérodermie systémique : aspects cliniques, biologiques et pronostiques. ‎Rev. Med. Interne. 2008;29:S368. http://doi.org/d8bk75

Mahrle G, Müller F, Groth W. Multiples Autoimmunsyndrom: Assoziation eines Reynolds-Syndroms (akrale Sklerodermie, primär biliäre Zirrhose, Sjögren-Syndrom) mit einem Lupus, erythematodes/Lichen-ruber-planus-Overlap-Syndrom. Der Hautarzt. 2004;55(5):465–70. http://doi.org/bh94q7

Riarte MC, Giovanna PD, Pelli MJ, García S, Cabrera HN. Cirrosis biliar primaria asociada a colagenopatías. Piel. 2014 [cited 2017 Feb 6];29(1):12-5. Available from: http://www.goo.gl/kaC6o7

Bellelli A, Tumiati B, Rossi F, Salvarani C, Portioli I. The Reynolds syndrome. Clinical case and review of the literature. Analogy with graft-versus-host disease. G Clin Med. 1981;62(9):656-64

Tal-Benzecry S, Armero F, Scasso MS, Machaín M. Síndrome de Reynolds: Descripción de un Caso. Hospital Privado de Comunidad. [Cited 2016 March 16]. Available from: goo.gl/hbw6Qc

Herruzo-Solís JA, Gabriel-Marín JC. Cirrosis biliar primaria y síndrome CREST. Rev. esp. enferm. dig. 2004 [cited 2017 Feb 6];96(3):219-20.Available from goo.gl/Qb0z6N

Launay D, Hebbar M, Janin A, Hachulla E, Hatron PY, Devulder B. Primary biliary cirrhosis and systemic scleroderma (Reynolds syndrome): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy. Rev. Med. Interne. 1998;19(6):393-8

Brzezińska-Kolarz B, Undas A, Dyczek A, Musiał J. Reynolds syndrome: the combination of scleroderma and primary biliary cirrhosis. Case report. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2001;105(3):231-4

Trotta F, Potena A, Bertelli R, La Corte R, Stabellini G, Negri A. Reynolds syndrome associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Minerva Med. 1980;71(19):1385-92

Michaud M, Gaudin C, Brechemier D, Moulis G, Astudillo L, Lavialle-Guillotreau V, et al. Reynolds syndrome revealing a malignant thymoma. Rev. Med. Interne. 2013;34(3):171-3. http://doi.org/bzct

Fukuda Y, Miura S, Saku K. CREST syndrome with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Intern Med. 2012;51(4):441-2

Van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013; 72(11):1747-55. http://doi.org/bzcv

De Santis M, Crotti C, Selmi C. Liver abnormalities in connective tissue diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(4):543-51. http://doi.org/f2fktg

Momah N, Lindor KD. Primary biliary cirrhosis in adults. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;8(4):427-33. http://doi.org/bzcw

Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME. The diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(0):441-4. http://doi.org/bzcx

Ohira H, Watanabe H. Pathophysiology and recent findings of primary biliary cirrhosis complicated by systemic sclerosis. Hepatol Res. 2014;44(4): 377–83. http://doi.org/bzfw

Muratori L, Granito A, Muratori P, Pappas G, Bianchi FB. Antimitochondrial antibodies and other antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: diagnostic and prognostic value. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12(2):261-76. http://doi.org/c3nx4t

Talwalkar JA, Souto E, Jorgensen RA, Lindor KD. Natural history of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1(4):297-302. http://doi.org/cn583w

Mayo MJ. Natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12(2):277-88. http://doi.org/dzxp8h

Imam MH, Lindor KD. The natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2014;34(3):329-33. http://doi.org/bzfx

Cabane J. Is Reynolds syndrome a genetic laminopathy? Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique. 2010;34(10):509-10. http://doi.org/ft8q66

Reynolds TB, Denison EK, Frankl HD, Lieberman FL, Peters RL. Primary biliary cirrhosis with scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and telangiectasia. New syndrome. ‎Am. J. Med. 1971;50(3):302-12

Gaudy-Marqueste C, Roll P, Esteves-Vieira V, Weiller PJ, Grob JJ, Cau P, et al. LBR mutation and nuclear envelope defects in a patient affected with Reynolds syndrome. J Med Genet. 2010;47(6):361-70. http://doi.org/dgcwhm

Stadie V, Wohlrab J, Marsch WC. Reynolds syndrome-a rare combination of 2 autoimmune diseases. Med Klin. 2002;97(1):40-3

Hao YJ, Jiang X, Zhou W, Wang Y, Gao L, Wang Y, et al. Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in Chinese patients. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(4):963-72. http://doi.org/bzfz

Condliffe R, Howard LS. Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. F1000Prime Rep. 2015;7:06. http://doi.org/bzf2

Yang X, Mardekian J, Sanders KN, Mychaskiw MA, Thomas J 3rd. Prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with connective tissue diseases: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(10):1519-31. http://doi.org/bzf3

Coghlan JG, Denton CP, Grunig E, Bonderman D, Distler O, Khanna D, et al. Evidence-based detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: the DETECT study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(7):1340-9. http://doi.org/bzf4

Chung L, Liu J, Parsons L, Hassoun PM, McGoon M, Badesch DB, et al. Characterization of connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension from REVEAL: identifying systemic sclerosis as a unique phenotype. Chest. 2010;138(6):1383-94. http://doi.org/b9jxdb

Gladue H, Altorok N, Townsend W, McLaughlin V, Khanna D. Screening and diagnostic modalities for connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(4):536-41. http://doi.org/f2pvhp

Task Force for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Respiratory Society (ERS); International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Galiè N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(6):1219-63. http://doi.org/c396pb

Montani D, Chaumais MC, Savale L, Natali D, Price LC, Jais X, et al. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Adv Ther. 2009;26(9):813-25. http://doi.org/dv7fd3

Sakuma M, Shirato K. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nihon Rinsho. 2008;66(11):2157-61.

Archer SL, Michelakis ED. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(19):1864-71. http://doi.org/fkwpd4

Galiè N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Badesch D, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353(20):2148-57. http://doi.org/fgjrvh

Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Fleming TR, Galiè N, , Simonneau G, Ghofrani HA, et al. Long-term treatment with sildenafil citrate in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the SUPER-2 study. Chest. 2011;140(5):1274-83. http://doi.org/c2q66z

Webb DJ, Vachiery JL, Hwang LJ, Maurey JO. Sildenafil improves renal function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015; 80(2):235-41. http://doi.org/bzf6

D'Alto M, Romeo E, Argiento P, D'Andrea A, Vanderpool R, Correra A, et al. Accuracy and precision of echocardiography versus right heart catheterization for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(4):4058-62. http://doi.org/bzf7

Cutolo M, Sulli A, Secchi ME, Paolino S, Pizzorni C. Nailfold capillaroscopy is useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. A future tool for the analysis of microvascular heart involvement?. Rheumatology. 2006;45 Suppl 4:iv43-6. http://doi.org/b9ccvn

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo

2503

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Cómo citar

Síndrome de Reynolds: una rara enfermedad reumatológica que los internistas deberían tener en mente. Reporte de un caso. (2017). Case Reports, 3(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.59982