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Subcritical hydrothermal conversion of organic wastes and biomass. Reaction pathways
Conversión hidrotérmica subcrítica de residuos orgánicos y biomasa. Mecanismos de reacción
Keywords:
hydrothermal process, biomass, biocrude, waste, reaction pathway (en)procesos hidrotérmicos, biomasa, biocrudo, residuos, mecanismos de reacción (es)
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Hydrothermal conversion is a procedure which emulates organic matter’s natural conversion into bio-crude having physical and chemical properties analogous to petroleum. The artificial transformation of biomass requires previous knowledge of the main reaction routes and product availability. The main component of biomass (depolymerisation by hydrolysis) is presented in hydrothermal cellulose conversion, producing oligosaccharides which exhibit dehydration and retro-aldol condensation reactions for transforming into furfurals and carboxylic acids. Other biomass components (such as lignin, proteins, and fat esters) present both hydrolysis and pyrolysis reaction routes. As long as biomass mainly contains carbohydrates, subcritical hydrothermal conversion products and their wastes will be fundamentally analogous to those displaying cellulose. These substances have added value by far surpassing raw material’s acquisition cost. When the main hydrothermal conversion products’ O/C, H/C molar ratios as reported in literature are plotted, an evolutionary trajectory for conversion products appears to be closely or even overlapped with fossil fuels’ geological evolution.
La conversión hidrotérmica es un procedimiento que emula el proceso natural de conversión de la materia orgánica en un biocrudo con propiedades físico-químicas similares a las del petróleo. La transformación artificial de biomasa requiere conocer previamente las rutas de reacción y productos prevalentes. En la conversión de celulosa, el principal componente de la biomasa, se presenta despolimerización por hidrólisis y se obtienen oligosacáridos, los cuales presentan deshidratación y condensación retro-aldol, para transformarse en furfurales y ácidos carboxílicos. Otros componentes de la biomasa como lignina, proteínas y ésteres grasos, presentan rutas de reacción en las que coexisten la hidrólisis y la pirólisis. Dada la presencia de carbohidratos en la biomasa, los principales productos de su conversión hidrotérmica subcrítica y de sus residuos serán análogos a los que presenta la celulosa. Dichas sustancias tienen un valor agregado que supera considerablemente los costos de adquisición de la materia prima. Al representar en un gráfico las relaciones molares O/C, H/C de los principales productos de conversión hidrotérmica de biomasa reportados en la literatura, se evidencia que la trayectoria de evolución para los productos de conversión hacia biocrudos se traslapa con la evolución geológica de los combustibles fósiles.
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