Publicado

2026-03-31

Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries

Desentrañando el Sistema Nacional de Innovación en América Latina: un estudio comparativo de caso de los países de la Alianza del Pacífico

Desvendando o Sistema Nacional de Inovação na América Latina: um estudo de caso comparativo dos países da Aliança do Pacífico

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171

Palabras clave:

National Innovation Systems, innovation policy, economic development, Pacific Alliance, Institutions (en)
Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación, política de innovación, desarrollo económico, Alianza del Pacífico, instituciones (es)
Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação, política de inovação, desenvolvimento econômico, Aliança do Pacífico, instituições (pt)

Descargas

Autores/as

As innovation and innovation policies have become an essential component of the developmental agenda of governments in developing countries, comprehensive analyses of the current status of such strategies are necessary to understand their origins and potential future trajectories. This article examines the evolution of innovation policies in Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico since 2011, when they initiated the Pacific Alliance (pa) as a multilateral bloc aimed at promoting economic development by positioning innovation as one of its foundational pillars under the National Innovation System (nis) approach, which conceptualizes innovation as a complex system involving a variety of actors, including government, businesses, universities, and research institutions. By deploying Grounded Theory—a novel approach within the nis literature—to analyze countries’ national development plans, this research seeks to unveil the evolution of these policies in the four countries between 2011 and 2021. The study finds that the four countries have strengthened their nis and innovation policies; however, there is still room for improvement. It also shows that the role of the state in innovation policies has fluctuated over time and has been influenced by electoral politics and ideological factors. Finally, it finds that the nis approach has been used as a prescriptive category for policy decision-making rather than as an analytical and descriptive concept. The article’s main limitation is the restricted scope of the analyzed documents from which the data were drawn; accordingly, it proposes future research avenues based on this limitation.

A medida que la innovación y las políticas de innovación se han convertido en un componente esencial de la agenda de desarrollo de los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, se requieren análisis integrales sobre el estado actual de tales estrategias para comprender sus orígenes y sus posibles trayectorias futuras. Este artículo examina la evolución de las políticas de innovación en Chile, Colombia, Perú y México desde 2011, año en que iniciaron la Alianza del Pacífico como un bloque multilateral orientado a promover el desarrollo económico al situar la innovación como uno de sus pilares fundamentales bajo el enfoque del Sistema Nacional de Innovación, el cual conceptualiza la innovación como un sistema complejo que involucra una variedad de actores, entre ellos el gobierno, las empresas, las universidades y las instituciones de investigación. Mediante el uso de la teoría fundamentada, un enfoque novedoso dentro de la literatura sobre Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación, para analizar los planes nacionales de desarrollo de los países, esta investigación busca revelar la evolución de estas políticas en los cuatro países entre 2011 y 2021. El estudio encuentra que los cuatro países han fortalecido sus Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación y sus políticas de innovación; sin embargo, aún existe margen de mejora. También muestra que el papel del Estado en las políticas de innovación ha fluctuado a lo largo del tiempo y ha estado influido por la política electoral y por factores ideológicos. Finalmente, encuentra que el enfoque del Sistema Nacional de Innovación ha sido utilizado como una categoría prescriptiva para la toma de decisiones de política, más que como un concepto analítico y descriptivo. La principal limitación del artículo radica en el alcance restringido de los documentos analizados de los cuales se extrajeron los datos; en consecuencia, propone futuras líneas de investigación a partir de esta limitación.

À medida que a inovação e as políticas de inovação se tornaram um componente essencial da agenda de desenvolvimento dos governos de países em desenvolvimento, são necessárias análises abrangentes sobre o estado atual dessas estratégias para compreender suas origens e suas potenciais trajetórias futuras. Este artigo examina a evolução das políticas de inovação no Chile, na Colômbia, no Peru e no México desde 2011, quando esses países deram início à Aliança do Pacífico como um bloco multilateral voltado à promoção do desenvolvimento econômico ao posicionar a inovação como um de seus pilares fundamentais sob a abordagem do Sistema Nacional de Inovação, que concebe a inovação como um sistema complexo envolvendo uma variedade de atores, incluindo governo, empresas, universidades e instituições de pesquisa. Ao empregar a Grounded Theory, uma abordagem inovadora na literatura sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação, para analisar os planos nacionais de desenvolvimento dos países, esta pesquisa busca revelar a evolução dessas políticas nos quatro países entre 2011 e 2021. O estudo conclui que os quatro países fortaleceram seus Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação e suas políticas de inovação; contudo, ainda há espaço para avanços. Também mostra que o papel do Estado nas políticas de inovação oscilou ao longo do tempo e foi influenciado pela política eleitoral e por fatores ideológicos. Por fim, verifica que a abordagem do Sistema Nacional de Inovação tem sido utilizada como uma categoria prescritiva para a tomada de decisões de política, mais do que como um conceito analítico e descritivo. A principal limitação do artigo reside no escopo restrito dos documentos analisados, dos quais os dados foram extraídos; em razão disso, propõem-se agendas de pesquisa futura com base nessa limitação.

Referencias

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2009). Paths of economic and political development. In B. Weingast & D. Wittman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political economy (pp. 673–692). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0037

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2013). Por qué fracasan los países. Los orígenes del poder, la prosperidad y la pobreza. Deusto.

Andreoni, A., & Chang, H.-J. (2019). The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 48, 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007

Avgerou, C. (2010). Discourses on ICT and development. Information Technologies and International Development, 6(3), 1–18. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/35564/1/Discourses_on_ICT_and_development_(LSERO).pdf

Bas, T. G., & Kunc, M. H. (2009). National systems of innovation and natural resources clusters: Evidence from copper mining industry patents. European Planning Studies, 17(12), 1861–1879. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903322363

Bértola, L., & Ocampo, J. A. (2013). The economic development of Latin America since independence. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662135.001.0001

Breznitz, D., & Ornston, D. (2018). The politics of partial success: Fostering innovation policy in an era of heightened public scrutiny. Socio-Economic Review, 16(4), 721–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mww018

Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (2007). Grounded theory in historical perspective: An epistemological account. In A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 31–57). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848607941

Chaminade, C., Lundvall, B., & Haneef, S. (2018). Advanced introduction to National Innovation Systems. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Chang, H.-J. (2002a). Breaking the mould: an institutionalist political economy alternative to the neo-liberal theory of the market and the state. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 26(5), 539–559. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/26.5.539

Chang, H.-J. (2002b). Kicking away the ladder. Development strategy in historical perspective. Athem Press.

Chang, H.-J. (2003). Institutional development in historical perspective. In H.-J. Chang (Ed.), Rethinking development economics (pp. 499–522). Anthem.

Chang, H.-J. (2010). Hamlet without the prince of Denmark: How development has disappeared from today’s “development” discourse. In S. Rafi & J. Christiansen (Eds.), Towards new developmentalism: Market as means rather than master (pp. 1–11). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844311

Chang, H.-J. (2014). Economics: The User’s Guide. Pelican.

Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). SAGE.

Chun Tie, Y., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 205031211882292. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927

Congreso del Perú. (2007). Ley marco de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica. Congreso del Perú. https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/6A4A8870DD76CFEF05257A76005953CB/$FILE/1_LEY_28303_LEY_MARCO_CIENCIA_TEGNOLOGÍA_INNOVACIÓN_TECNOLÓGICA.pdf

Congress of Colombia. (1994). Organic Law No. 152: Development plan of Colombia. In Official gazette. Year 1994. N. 41450. 19. July, 1994. . Congress of Colombia. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Normatividad/ley%201994%200152.pdf

Consejería Presidencial para la Competitividad y la Gestión Público-Privada. (2022). Organización y funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Competitividad e Innovación (SNCI). Presidencia de la República de Colombia.

Correa-Restrepo, J. S., Tejada-Gómez, M. A., Cayón-Fallon, E., & Ordóñez-Matamoros, H. G. (2014). Science and technology policy in Colombia: A comparative review. European Journal of Scientific Research, 121(3), 267–285. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2621685

Dalham, C., & Frischtak, C. (1993). National systems supporting technical advance in industry: The Brazilian experience. In R. Nelson (Ed.), National innovation systems: A comparative analysis (pp. 414–450). Oxford University Press. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496195

Della Porta, D., & Keating, M. (2008). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: A pluralist perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Dutrénit, G., Capdevielle, M., Corona, J. M., Puchet, M., Santiago, F., & Vera-Cruz, A. (2010). El sistema nacional de innovación mexicano: Instituciones, políticas, desempeño y desafíos. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.

Edquist, C. (2001). Innovation policy in the systems of innovation approach: Some basic principles. In M. M. Fischer & J. Fröhlich (Eds.), Knowledge, complexity and innovation systems (pp. 46–57). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04546-6

Erzurumlu, S. S., Erzurumlu, Y. O., & Yoon, Y. (2022). National innovation systems and dynamic impact of institutional structures on national innovation capability: A configurational approach with the OKID method. Technovation, 114, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102552

Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2009). Innovation systems, technology and development. In Handbook of innovation systems and developing countries. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849803427.00010

Fagerberg, J., Srholec, M., & Verspagen, B. (2010). Innovation and economic development. Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, 2, 833–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02004-6

Freeman, C. (1987). Technology policy and economic performance: Lessons from Japan. Pinter Publishers Limited.

Freeman, C. (1988). Japan: A national system of innovation. In G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, & L. Soete (Eds.), Technical change and economic theory (pp. 330–348). Pinter Publishers Limited.

General Congress of the United Mexican States. (1983). Planning law. In Official gazette (Vol. 376, Issue 3). General Congress of the United Mexican States. https://www.dof.gob.mx/index_111.php?year=1983&month=01&day=05

Glaser, B. A. (2007). Doing formal theory. In A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 97–113). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848607941

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2010). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Transaction Publisher. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793206

Guirriman, C., Rejas, L. P., & Ponce, E. R. (2017). Sistema Nacional de Innovación: Reflexiones y análisis del caso chileno. Idesia (Arica), 35(4), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292017000400111

Hauge, J., & Chang, H.-J. (2019). The role of manufacturing versus services in economic development. In P. Bianchi, C. Ruiz Durán, & S. Labory (Eds.), Transforming Industrial Policy for the Digital Age: Production, Territories and Structural Change (Issue 2019, pp. 12–36). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788976152.00007

Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 725–740. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001219.00011

International Labour Organization [ilo]. (2022). ilostat. ilo. https://ilostat.ilo.org/

Katz, J., & Bercovich, N. (1993). National Systems of Innovation supporting technical advance in industry: The case of Argentina. In R. Nelson (Ed.), National Innovation Systems. A comparative analysis (pp. 451–475). Oxford University Press. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496195

Klerkx, L., Álvarez, R., & Campusano, R. (2015). The emergence and functioning of innovation intermediaries in maturing innovation systems: the case of Chile. Innovation and Development, 5(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2014.921268

Kohli, A. (2004). State-directed development. Political power and industrialization in the Global Periphery. Cambridge University Press.

Lall, S. (2004). Technology and industrial development in an era of globalization. In H.-J. Chang (Ed.), Rethinking development economics (pp. 277–298). Anthem Press.

Landman, T., & Carvalho, E. (2017). Issues and methods in comparative politics. An introduction (4th ed.). Routledge.

Lema, R., Kraemer-Mbula, E., & Rakas, M. (2021). Innovation in developing countries: examining two decades of research. Innovation and Development, 11(2–3), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1989647

Lemarchand, G. A. (Ed.). (2010). Sistemas nacionales de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en América Latina y el Caribe. UNESCO, Oficina Regional de Ciencia para América Latina y el Caribe.

Lijphart, A. (1971). Comparative politics and the comparative method. American Political Science Review, 65(3), 682–693. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955513

López, A. (2002). El modelo agroexportador argentino a la luz del enfoque del sistema nacional de innovación. Desarrollo Económico, 42(166), 231. https://doi.org/10.2307/3455942

López-Rubio, P., Roig-Tierno, N., & Mas-Verdú, F. (2022). Assessing the origins, evolution and prospects of National Innovation Systems. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(1), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00712-7

Lundvall, B.-Å. (1988). Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, & L. Soete (Eds.), Technical change and economic theory (pp. 349–369). Pinter Publishers Limited.

Lundvall, B.-Å. (2007). Innovation System research. Where it came from and where it might go (Working Paper Series). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/43444

Lundvall, B.-Å. (2010). National Systems of Innovation: Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Anthem Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxp7cs

Lundvall, B.-Å. (2016). The learning economy and the economics of hope. Anthem PressLundvall, B.-Å., & Rikap, C. (2022). China’s catching-up in artificial intelligence seen as a co-evolution of corporate and national innovation systems. Research Policy, 51(1), 104395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104395

Lundvall, B.-Å., Vang, J., Joseph, K. J., & Chaminade, C. (2009). Innovation system research and developing countries. In B. Lundvall, B.-Å., J. Vang, K. J. Joseph, & C. Chaminade (Eds.), Handbook of innovation systems and developing countries: Building domestic capabilities in a global setting (pp. 1–30). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849803427.00006

Madon, S. (2009). e-governance for development. A focus on rural India. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230250499

Mazzucato, M. (2016). From market fixing to market-creating: A new framework for innovation policy. Industry and Innovation, 23(2), 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1146124

Mazzucato, M. (2018). The entrepreneurial state. Debunking public vs private sector myths. Penguin Random House.

Melo, A. (2001). The innovation systems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Research Department Working paper series, 460. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1817258

Ministerio de Economía de Chile. (2006). Política Nacional de Innovación. Ministerio de Economía. https://www.economia.gob.cl/1540/articles-182927_recurso_1.pdf

Ministerio de Economía de Chile. (2015). Decreto 177 del 17 de junio de 2015. Establece comisión asesora presidencial denominada “Consejo Nacional de Innovación para el Desarrollo,” nombra consejeros y deroga decreto No 199, de 2010. Ministerio de Economía de Chile https://bcn.cl/34cje

Moreno-Brid, J. C. (2007). Economic development and industrial performance in Mexico post-NAFTA. Taller Nacional sobre “Migración interna y desarrollo en México: Diagnóstico, perspectivas y políticas”, 20. CEPAL.

Nelson, R. (1988). Institutions supporting technical change in the United States. In G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, & L. Soete (Eds.), Technical change and economic theory (pp. 312–329). Pinter Publishers Limited.

North, D. (2003). The role of institutions in economic development (Discussion Paper No. 2003.2). United Nations. https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/oes/disc_papers/ECE_DP_2003-2.pdf

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (1997). National Innovation Systems. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15347-6_458

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (1999). Managing national innovation systems. OECD.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2002). Dynamising National Innovation Systems. oecd. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264194465-en

Oquendo Gómez, A. F., & Acevedo Álvarez, C. A. (2012). El sistema de innovación colombiano: Fundamentos, dinámicas y avatares. Revista Trilogía, 6, 105–120. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12622/1202

Orihuela, J. C. (2019). The political economy of the developmental state in Latin America. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1660

Orihuela, J. C. (2020). El consenso de Lima y sus descontentos: del restringido desarrollismo oligarca a revolucionarias reformas estructurales. Revista de Historia (Concepción), 1(27), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.29393/RH27-5CJO10005

Orozco, L. A., Villaveces, J. L., Ordóñez-Matamoros, G., & Moreno, G. (2019). Innovation policy and governance networks on national innovation systems. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI 2019) (pp. 541–553). https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/innovation-policy-and-governance-networks-on-national-innovation-

Pacific Alliance. (2011). Acuerdo Marco de la Alianza del Pacífico. Pacific Alliance. https://alianzapacifico.net/en/download/acuerdo-marco-de-la-alianza-del-pacifico/

Palma, G. (2003). Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century: From the “age of extremes” to the age of “end-of-history” uniformity. In H.-J. Chang (Ed.), Rethinking development studies (pp. 125–152). Anthem Press.

Porto-Gomez, I., Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J. M., & Leydesdorff, L. (2019). Innovation systems in Mexico: A matter of missing synergies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119721

Rakas, M., & Hain, D. S. (2019). The state of innovation system research: What happens beneath the surface? Research Policy, 48(9), 103787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.04.011

Regional Observatory on Planning for Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2022). National strategic planning system—Peru. https://observatorioplanificacion.cepal.org/en/node/139

Salazar, M., Lozano-Borda, M., & Lucio-Arias, D. (2014). Science, technology, and innovation for inclusive development in Colombia: Pilot programmes developed by COLCIENCIAS. In G. Dutrénit & J. Sutz (Eds.), National innovation systems, social inclusion and development (pp. 133–168). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Schwab, K. (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Sharif, N. (2006). Emergence and development of the National Innovation Systems concept. Research Policy, 35(5), 745–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2006.04.001

Soete, L., Verspagen, B., & Weel, B. ter. (2010). Systems of innovation. In B. H. Hall & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1159–1180). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02011-3

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE Publications. http://www.academia.edu/download/38537364/Teoria_Fundamentada.pdf

Suisheng, Z. (2010). The China model: Can it replace the western model of modernization? Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666061

Thorp, R. (1998). Progress, poverty, and exclusion: An economic history of Latin America in the 20th century. Inter-American Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/16284/progress-poverty-and-exclusion-economic-history-latin-america-20th-century

Toyama, K. (2011). Technology as amplifier in international development. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1145/1940761.1940772

Trejo Berumen, K. S., Gámez, A. E., Conesa Cegarra, F., Ángeles Villa, M., Ivanova Boncheva, A., & Beltrán Morales, L. F. (2018). El sistema nacional de innovación de México: Una comparación con España y Estados Unidos de América. Acta Universitaria, 28(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2018.1430

United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2021). Trapped: High inequality and low growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations Development Programme. https://www.undp.org/latin-america/publications/regional-human-development-report-2021-trapped-high-inequality-and-low-growth-latin-america-and-caribbean

Viotti, E. B. (2002). National learning systems: A new approach to technological change in late industrializing economies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 69(7), 653–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(01)00167-6

Wade, R. (1992). Governing the market: Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialization. Princeton University Press.

Weerasinghe, R. N., Jayawardane, A. K. W., & Huang, Q. (2024). Critical inquiry on national innovation systems. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100052

World Bank. (2008). Chile. Toward a cohesive and well governed national innovation system. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28202/565850revised01le10Governance0study.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO]. (2021). Global innovation index 2021: Taking innovation through the COVID-19 crisis. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021.pdf

World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO]. (2023). Global innovation index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/documents/d/global-innovation-index/docs-en-wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf

Yang, B., Liu, X., Gao, Y., & Zhu, L. (2023). A research on the effectiveness of innovation policy for regional innovation under Chinese long-range plan. Science and Public Policy, 50(3), 491–508. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scad001

Zuñiga, P. (2015). Innovation system in development: The case of Peru (Working Paper 2016–058). Maastricht University.

Cómo citar

APA

Gutiérrez Rojas, L. E. (2026). Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries. Innovar, 36(100), e110171. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171

ACM

[1]
Gutiérrez Rojas, L.E. 2026. Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries. Innovar. 36, 100 (mar. 2026), e110171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171.

ACS

(1)
Gutiérrez Rojas, L. E. Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries. Innovar 2026, 36, e110171.

ABNT

GUTIÉRREZ ROJAS, L. E. Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries. Innovar, [S. l.], v. 36, n. 100, p. e110171, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/innovar/article/view/110171. Acesso em: 8 abr. 2026.

Chicago

Gutiérrez Rojas, Luis Eduardo. 2026. «Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries». Innovar 36 (100):e110171. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171.

Harvard

Gutiérrez Rojas, L. E. (2026) «Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries», Innovar, 36(100), p. e110171. doi: 10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171.

IEEE

[1]
L. E. Gutiérrez Rojas, «Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries», Innovar, vol. 36, n.º 100, p. e110171, mar. 2026.

MLA

Gutiérrez Rojas, L. E. «Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries». Innovar, vol. 36, n.º 100, marzo de 2026, p. e110171, doi:10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171.

Turabian

Gutiérrez Rojas, Luis Eduardo. «Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries». Innovar 36, no. 100 (marzo 31, 2026): e110171. Accedido abril 8, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/innovar/article/view/110171.

Vancouver

1.
Gutiérrez Rojas LE. Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries. Innovar [Internet]. 31 de marzo de 2026 [citado 8 de abril de 2026];36(100):e110171. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/innovar/article/view/110171

Descargar cita

CrossRef Cited-by

CrossRef citations0

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo

18

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.