Unpacking the National Innovation System in Latin America: A Comparative Case Study of the Pacific Alliance Countries
Desentrañando el Sistema Nacional de Innovación en América Latina: un estudio comparativo de caso de los países de la Alianza del Pacífico
Desvendando o Sistema Nacional de Inovação na América Latina: um estudo de caso comparativo dos países da Aliança do Pacífico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v36n100.110171Palabras clave:
National Innovation Systems, innovation policy, economic development, Pacific Alliance, Institutions (en)Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación, política de innovación, desarrollo económico, Alianza del Pacífico, instituciones (es)
Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação, política de inovação, desenvolvimento econômico, Aliança do Pacífico, instituições (pt)
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As innovation and innovation policies have become an essential component of the developmental agenda of governments in developing countries, comprehensive analyses of the current status of such strategies are necessary to understand their origins and potential future trajectories. This article examines the evolution of innovation policies in Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico since 2011, when they initiated the Pacific Alliance (pa) as a multilateral bloc aimed at promoting economic development by positioning innovation as one of its foundational pillars under the National Innovation System (nis) approach, which conceptualizes innovation as a complex system involving a variety of actors, including government, businesses, universities, and research institutions. By deploying Grounded Theory—a novel approach within the nis literature—to analyze countries’ national development plans, this research seeks to unveil the evolution of these policies in the four countries between 2011 and 2021. The study finds that the four countries have strengthened their nis and innovation policies; however, there is still room for improvement. It also shows that the role of the state in innovation policies has fluctuated over time and has been influenced by electoral politics and ideological factors. Finally, it finds that the nis approach has been used as a prescriptive category for policy decision-making rather than as an analytical and descriptive concept. The article’s main limitation is the restricted scope of the analyzed documents from which the data were drawn; accordingly, it proposes future research avenues based on this limitation.
A medida que la innovación y las políticas de innovación se han convertido en un componente esencial de la agenda de desarrollo de los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, se requieren análisis integrales sobre el estado actual de tales estrategias para comprender sus orígenes y sus posibles trayectorias futuras. Este artículo examina la evolución de las políticas de innovación en Chile, Colombia, Perú y México desde 2011, año en que iniciaron la Alianza del Pacífico como un bloque multilateral orientado a promover el desarrollo económico al situar la innovación como uno de sus pilares fundamentales bajo el enfoque del Sistema Nacional de Innovación, el cual conceptualiza la innovación como un sistema complejo que involucra una variedad de actores, entre ellos el gobierno, las empresas, las universidades y las instituciones de investigación. Mediante el uso de la teoría fundamentada, un enfoque novedoso dentro de la literatura sobre Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación, para analizar los planes nacionales de desarrollo de los países, esta investigación busca revelar la evolución de estas políticas en los cuatro países entre 2011 y 2021. El estudio encuentra que los cuatro países han fortalecido sus Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación y sus políticas de innovación; sin embargo, aún existe margen de mejora. También muestra que el papel del Estado en las políticas de innovación ha fluctuado a lo largo del tiempo y ha estado influido por la política electoral y por factores ideológicos. Finalmente, encuentra que el enfoque del Sistema Nacional de Innovación ha sido utilizado como una categoría prescriptiva para la toma de decisiones de política, más que como un concepto analítico y descriptivo. La principal limitación del artículo radica en el alcance restringido de los documentos analizados de los cuales se extrajeron los datos; en consecuencia, propone futuras líneas de investigación a partir de esta limitación.
À medida que a inovação e as políticas de inovação se tornaram um componente essencial da agenda de desenvolvimento dos governos de países em desenvolvimento, são necessárias análises abrangentes sobre o estado atual dessas estratégias para compreender suas origens e suas potenciais trajetórias futuras. Este artigo examina a evolução das políticas de inovação no Chile, na Colômbia, no Peru e no México desde 2011, quando esses países deram início à Aliança do Pacífico como um bloco multilateral voltado à promoção do desenvolvimento econômico ao posicionar a inovação como um de seus pilares fundamentais sob a abordagem do Sistema Nacional de Inovação, que concebe a inovação como um sistema complexo envolvendo uma variedade de atores, incluindo governo, empresas, universidades e instituições de pesquisa. Ao empregar a Grounded Theory, uma abordagem inovadora na literatura sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação, para analisar os planos nacionais de desenvolvimento dos países, esta pesquisa busca revelar a evolução dessas políticas nos quatro países entre 2011 e 2021. O estudo conclui que os quatro países fortaleceram seus Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação e suas políticas de inovação; contudo, ainda há espaço para avanços. Também mostra que o papel do Estado nas políticas de inovação oscilou ao longo do tempo e foi influenciado pela política eleitoral e por fatores ideológicos. Por fim, verifica que a abordagem do Sistema Nacional de Inovação tem sido utilizada como uma categoria prescritiva para a tomada de decisões de política, mais do que como um conceito analítico e descritivo. A principal limitação do artigo reside no escopo restrito dos documentos analisados, dos quais os dados foram extraídos; em razão disso, propõem-se agendas de pesquisa futura com base nessa limitação.
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