Correo Electrónico
DNINFOA - SIA
Bibliotecas
Convocatorias
Identidad U.N.
Publicado
Territorial and Electorate Size Influence: Participation/Competitiveness in Costa Rica’s 2016 Local Scale Elections
Influencia territorial y del tamaño del electorado: participación/competitividad en las elecciones cantonales de 2016 en Costa Rica
Influência territorial e do tamanho do eleitorado: participação/ competitividade nas eleições cantonais na Costa Rica em 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcdg.v30n1.79637Palabras clave:
Costa Rica, electorate size, electoral geography, quantitative methodology, territorial size (en)Costa Rica, geografía electoral, tamaño del electorado, metodología cuantitativa, tamaño territorial (es)
Costa Rica, geografia eleitoral, tamanho do eleitorado, metodologia quantitativa, tamanho territorial (pt)
Descargas
In recent years, political geography has begun to revisit traditional geographical theories using quantitative methodologies. Size, location, density, position, and other important geographic characteristics have reemerged as central data points in the analysis of political phenomena. In this article, we analyze possible relationships between size (territorial and electoral) and electoral outcomes (competitiveness and participation) in Costa Rica’s 2016 local (canton) elections. In this effort, we seek to revisit a tradition abandoned by some currents of geography, often erroneously associated with geographic determinism and widely criticized by geography researchers since the 1960s. Costa Rica was chosen for the study because it is considered one of the most successful democratic systems in Latin America, and it is now facing important issues about its new decentralization process. Linear Ordinary Least Squares (ols) regressions were used to analyze the 2016 elections in 82 Costa Rican cantones. This article reveals that there are important causal relationships between territorial size and electoral participation/competitiveness in Costa Rica. Conclusion Geographical analyses are crucial to understand voter turnout and competitiveness. Our conclusion could help Costa Ricans create new strategies to further develop their democracy and its decentralization process.
En los años recientes, la geografía política comenzó a revisar las teorías geográficas tradicionales empleando metodologías cuantitativas. Tamaño, ubicación, densidad, posición y otras importantes características geográficas volvieron al centro de los análisis de los fenómenos políticos. En ese sentido, en este artículo se analizan posibles relaciones entre los tamaños de territorio y de electorado con competencia electoral y participación. Además, el documento busca retomar una tradición abandonada por algunas corrientes de la geografía, usualmente asociada al determinismo geográfico y ampliamente criticada a partir de1960. En el artículo se emplea el caso de Costa Rica porque se considera uno de los países de más éxito entre los sistemas democráticos latinoamericanos y que actualmente enfrenta un nuevo proceso de descentralización. La metodología cuantitativa de regresión lineal por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) fue utilizada para analizar las elecciones de los 82 cantones en 2016. El texto revela que hay importantes relaciones causales entre tamaño de territorio y del electorado con participación/competencia electoral en Costa Rica. Los análisis geográficos son cruciales para entender la participación y la competencia electoral. El artículo puede ayudar a los costarricenses en la creación de nuevas estrategias para perfeccionar su democracia y profundizar el proceso de descentralización.
Nos anos recentes, a geografia política começou a revisitar as teorias geográficas tradicionais usando metodologias quantitativas. Tamanho, localização, densidade, posição e outras importantes características geográficas retornaram ao centro das análises dos fenômenos políticos. Nesse sentido, este artigo analisa possíveis relações entre os tamanhos do território e do eleitorado com competição e participação eleitoral. Além disso, o artigo retoma a tradição abandonada por algumas correntes da geografia, em geral associada ao determinismo geográfico e amplamente criticada a partir de 1960. O artigo utiliza o caso da Costa Rica porque é o país considerado de maior sucesso dentre os sistemas democráticos latino-americanos e atualmente enfrenta um novo processo de descentralização. A metodologia quantitativa de regressão linear por mínimos quadrados ordinários (MCO) foi utilizada para analisar as eleições dos 82 cantões em 2016. O texto revela que há importantes relações causais entre tamanhos do território e do eleitorado com participação/competição eleitoral na Costa Rica. As análises geográficas são cruciais para entender a participação e competição eleitoral. O artigo pode ajudar os costarriquenhos na criação de novas estratégias para aperfeiçoar sua democracia e aprofundar o processo de descentralização.
Referencias
Aars, Jacob, and Audun Offerdal. 1998. “Local Political Recruitment in Crisis? A Comparison of Finland and Norway.” Scandinavian Political Studies 21 (3): 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00013.x
Abrúcio, Fernando Luiz. 1998. Os Barões da Federação: os governadores e a redemocratização brasileira. São Paulo: Hucitec, Departamento de Ciência Política, Universidade de São Paulo (USP).
Agnew, John. 1996. “Mapping Politics: How Context Counts in Electoral Geography.” Political Geography 15 (2): 129-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(95)00076-3
Alfaro, Jorge Mora. 2009. El Sinuoso camino a la descentralización y el necesario fortalecimiento del gobierno local. San José: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Flacso).
Alfero-Redondo, Ronald. 2008. “Elecciones de alcaldes municipales 2006 en Costa Rica: muchos los llamados, pocos los concurridos.” Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales 5 (1):169-203.
Ameringer, Charles. 1982. Democracy in Costa Rica. New York: Praeger.
Ames, Barry. 2003. Os entraves da democracia no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: FGV.
Anckar, Dag, and Carsten Anckar. 2000. “Democracies Without Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (2): 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033002003
Avritzer, Leonardo. 2008. “Instituiçõ es participativas e desenho institucional: algumas consideraçõ es sobre a variaçã o da participaçã o no Brasil democrático.” Opinião Pública 14 (1): 43-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762008000100002
Barnett, Clive, and Murray Low, eds. 2004. Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation. London: sage publications.
Barnett, Vic, and Toby Lewis. 1994. Outliers in Statistical Data. 3rd ed. Chichester: John Wiley.
Bisanz, Richard, Karen Zubris Bisanz, and Mavis Hiltunen Bisanz. 1982. The Costa Ricans. Englewood Cliffs, nj: Prentice-Hall.
Blais, André. 2006. “What Affects Voter Turnout?” Annual Review of Political Science 9: 111-125. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121
Blais, André, and Agnieszka Dobrzynska. 1998. “Turnout in Electoral Democracies.” European journal of political research 33 (2): 239-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00382
Bobbio, Norberto. (1984) 2000. O futuro da democracia. São Paulo: Paz e Terra.
Bobbio, Norberto, Nicola Matteucci, and Gianfranco Pasquino, eds. 2010. Dicionário de política. Brasília: Universidade de Brasileira.
Booth, John. 1998. Costa Rica: Quest for Democracy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429501272
Borges, André. 2019. “Razões da fragmentação: coligações e estratégias partidárias na presença de eleições majoritárias e proporcionais simultâneas.” Revista Dados 62 (3): 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1590/001152582019179
Brenes Wilson, and Roberto Martorel. 2000. Auditoría ciudadana sobre la calidad del roceso de elección de las autoridades locales. San José: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).
Cabrero Mendoza, Enrique. 1995. La nueva gestión municipal en México. Análisis de experiencias innovadoras en gobiernos locales. México D. F.: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Cameron, Maxwell, Eric Hershberg, and Kenneth Sharpe, eds. 2012. New Institutions for Participatory Democracy in Latin America: Voice and Consequence. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137270580
Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Strokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chemerinsky, Erwin. 2008. Enhancing Government: Federalism for the 21st Century. Stanford, ca: Stanford University Press.
Constant, Benjamin. (1819) 1985. “Da liberdade dos antigos comparado à dos modernos.” Revista Filosofia Política 2 (1) Porto Alegre. At March 14th, 2019. http://caosmose.net/candido/unisinos/textos/benjamin.pdf
Coppedge, Michael. 2012. Democratization and Reserach Methods. Londres: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139016179
da Silva, Glauco Peres. 2013. “Uma avaliação empírica da competição eleitoral para a Câmara Federal no Brasil.” Opinião Pública 19 (2): 403-429. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762013000200007
Dahl, Robert. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert. 2012. A democracia e seus críticos. São Paulo: Editora WMF Martins Fontes. Dahl, Robert, and Edward Tufte. 1973. Size and Democracy. Standord, CA: Stanford University Press.
Dalton, Russell. 2008. “The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (7): 899-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008315860
Dalton, Russell. 2017. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. London: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001
de Azevedo, Daniel Abreu. 2019. “Evaluation of the Democratic System from the Qualification of Political Spaces: The Case of Cuauhtémoc (Mexico).” L’Espace Politique 39 (3): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.4000/espacepolitique.7563
de Carvalho, Nelson Rojas. 2003. E no início eram as bases: geografia política do voto e comportamento legislativo no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Revan.
de Castro, Iná Elias. 2005. Geografia e política: território, escalas de ação e instituiçõ es. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand.
de Souza, Cíntia Pinheiro Ribeiro. 2019. “Efeitos de competição, gastos de campanha e fragmentação eleitoral sobre comparecimento e votos válidos nas eleições municipais brasileiras em 2012.” Opinião Pública 25 (2): 312-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-01912019252312
Denters, Bas. 2002. “Size and Political Trust: Evidence from Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20 (6): 793-812. http://doi.org/10.1068/c0225
Denters, Bas, and Lawrence Rose. 2013. “Willing to Stand... If Asked: Candidacy for Local Council Elections in The Netherlands and Norway.” In Zivile Bürgergesellschaft und Demokratie: Aktuelle Ergebnisse der empirischen Politikforschung edited by Silke Keil and Isabell Thaidigsmann, 185-207. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-00875-8_11
Denters, Bas, Michael Goldsmith, Andreas Ladner, Poul Erik Mouritzen, and Lawrence Rose. 2014. Size and Local Democracy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Diamond, Larry, Juan Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. 1989. Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Boulder, co: Lynne Rienner.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row. Dubus, Nathalie, Cécile Helle, and Michelle Masson-Vincent. 2010. “De la gouvernance à la geogouvernance: de nouveaux outils pour une démocratie locale renouvelée.” L’Espace Politique, no. 10, 34-58. http://doi.org/10.4000/espacepolitique.1574
Elden, Stuart. 2013. The Birth of Territory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Farrugia, Charles. 1993. “The Special Working Environment of Senior Administrators in Small States.” World Development 21 (2): 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(93)90017-4
Fornos, Carolina, Timothy Power, and James Garand. 2004. “Explaining Voter Turnout in Latin America, 1980 to 2000.” Comparative Politics Studies 37 (8): 909-940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004267981
Fowler, Linda. 1993. Candidates, Congress, and the American Democracy. Ann Arbor, mi: University of Michigan Press.
Franklin, Mark. 1996. “Electoral Participation.” In: Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, edited by L. Ledue, R. G. Niemi, and P. Norris, 216-235. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Freedom House. 2018. Freedom on the Net 2018. Washington D.C.: Freedom House. At March 14th, 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf
Fung, Archon, and Erik Olin Wright, eds. 2003. Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. New York: Verso.
Gaardsted Fradsen, Annie. 2002. “Size and Electoral Participation in Local Elections.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20 (6): 853-869. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0228
Gallie, Walter Bryce. 1956. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56 (1): 167-198. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/56.1.167
Geys, Benny. 2006. “Explaining Voter Turnout: A Review of Aggregate-Level Research.” Electoral Studies 25 (4): 637-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.09.002
Gimpel James, and Jason Schuknecht. 2003. “Political Participation and the Accessibility of the Ballot Box.” Political Geography 22 (5): 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(03)00029-5
Gray, John. (1986) 1995. Liberalism. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Gundmundson, Lowell. 1986. Costa Rica before Coffee. Louisiana State University Press.
Harvey, David. 2012. “Espaço como palavra-chave.” geographia 14 (28): 8-39. https://doi.org/10.22409/GEOgraphia2012.v14i28.a13641
Hess, Diana, and Paula McAvoy. 2015. The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education. New York: Routledge.
Hoffmann-Martinot, Vincent, Colin Rallings, and Michael Thrasher. 1996. “Comparing Local Electoral Turnout in Great Britain and France: More Similarities than Differences?” European Journal of Political Research 30 (2): 241-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00676.x
Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. 2009. Modernização, mudança cultural e democracia. São Paulo: Francis.
Jakobsen, Morten, and Ulrik Kjaer. 2016. “Political Representation and Geographical Bias in Amalgamated Local Governments.” Local Government Studies 42 (2): 208-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2015.1127225
Johnston, Ron, and Charles Pattie. 2006. Putting Voters in their Places: Geography and Election in Great Britain. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kelleher, Christine, and David Lowery. 2004. “Political Participation and Metropolitan Institutional Contexts.” Urban Affairs Review 39 (6): 720-757. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087404264219
Kelleher, Christine, and David Lowery. 2009. “Central City Size, Metropolitan Institutions, and Political Participation.” British Journal of Political Science 39 (1): 59-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000392
Kjaer, Ulrik. 2007. “The Decreasing Number of Candidates at Danish Local Elections: Local Democracy in Crisis?” Local Government Studies 33 (2): 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930701198599
Kostadinova, Tatiana, and Timothy Power. 2007. “Does Democratization Depress Participation? Voter Turnout in the Latin American and Eastern European Transitional Democracies.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (3): 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907304154
Krebs, Timothy. 1999. “The Political and Demographic Predictors of Candidate Emergence in City Council Elections.” Urban Affairs Review 35 (2): 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780879922184383
Laakso, Markku, and Rein Taagepera. 1979. “‘Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407901200101
Lachat, Romain. 2011. “Electoral Competitiveness and Issue Voting.” Political Behavior 33 (4): 645-663. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9151-8
Lappie, John, and Melissa Marschall. 2018. “Place and Participation in Local Elections.” Political Geography 64: 33-42. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.02.003
López Guerra, Luis. 1977. “Niveles de análisis, falacia ecológica y falacia contextual.” Revista Española de la Opinión Pública, no. 48, 69-87. http://doi.org/10.2307/40199477
Mabileau, Albert. 1993. À la recherche du “ local”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Magdaleno, Fabiano Soares. 2010. A territorialidade da representaçã o política: vínculos territoriais de compromisso dos deputados fluminenses. São Paulo: Annablume.
Milbrath, Lester, and Michael Goel. 1977. Political Participation: How and Why do People Get Involved in Politics? 2nd ed. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Montesquieu, Charles. (1748) 2010. Do espírito das leis. Traduced by Roberto Leal Ferreira. Rio de Janeiro: Martin Claret. Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. 2001. “Participatory Democratization Reconceived.” Futures 33 (5): 407-422. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(00)00083-5
Oliver, J. Eric, Shang Ha, and Zachary Callen. 2012. Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Olson, Mansur. (1965) 2015. Lógica da açã o coletiva. Traduced by Fabio Fernandez. São Paulo: EDUSP.
O’loughlin, John, Michael Ward, Corey Lofdahl, Jordin Cohen, David Brown, David Reilly, Kristian Gleditsch, and Michael Shin. 1998. “The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (4): 545-574. https://doi.org/10.1111/004-5608.00112
Painter, Joe, and Alex Jeffrey. 2009. Political Geography. Washington D. C.: Sage. Parkinson, John. 2012. Democracy and Public Space: The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720444
Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2001. “Neoinstitutional Accounts of Voter Turnout: Moving Beyond Industrial Democracies.” Electoral Studies 20 (2): 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00019-6
Plane, Dennis, and Joseph Gershtenson. 2004. “Candidates’ Ideological Locations, Abstention, and Turnout in U. S. Midterm Senate Elections.” Political Behaviour 26 (1): 69-93. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:POBE.0000022344.05382.b4
Racu, Alexandru, Aurelian Giugăl, Ron Johnston, and Alexandru Gavriş. 2020. “When Cultural Strength Means Political Weakness: Romania’s Marriage Referendum and the Paradox of Conservative Mobilization.” Moravian Geographical Reports 28 (2): 70-80. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0006
Rae, Douglas. 1967. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rauschenbach, Rolf. 2014. “Processos de democracia direta: sim ou não? Os argumentos clássicos à luz da teoria e da prática.” Revista de Sociologia e Política 22 (49): 205-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782014000100011
Resnick, Danielle. 2017. “Democracy, Decentralization, and District Proliferation: The Case of Ghana.” Political Geography 59: 47-60. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.011
Richards, Jeffrey. 1982. “Politics in Small Independent Communities: Conflict or Consensus?” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20 (2): 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662048208447405
Rivera Araya, Roy. 1998. La descentralización real en Costa Rica. San José: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Flacso).
Rivera Araya, Roy. 1999. Democracia local en Costa Rica: realidad o proyecto. San José, Costa Rica: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).
Rogowski, Jon. 2014. “Electoral Choice, Ideological Conflict, and Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 479-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12059
Ryan, Jeffrey. 2004. “Decentralization and Democratic Instability: The Case of Costa Rica.” Public Administration Review 64 (1): 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-210.2004.00348.x
Ryšavý, Dan, and Josef Bernard. 2013. “Size and Local Democracy: The Case of Czech Municipal Representatives.” Local Government Studies 39 (6): 833-852. http://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2012.675329
Saarimaa, Tuukka, and Janne Tukiainen. 2016. “Local Representation and Strategic Voting: Evidence from Electoral Boundary Reforms.” European Journal of Political Economy 41: 31-45. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.008
Sartori, Giovanni. 1996. Engenharia constitucional: como mudam as constituições. Traduced by Sérgio Bath. Brasília: UnB.
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. (1942) 2017. Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundo de cultura.
Settle, Russell, and Buron Abrams. 1976. “The Determinants of Voter Participation: A More General Model.” Public Choice 27 (1): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01718949
Siegfried, André. (1913) 2010. Tableau politique de la France de l’ouest sous la Troisième République. 2nd edition. Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
Silva, Augusto César Pinheiro, and Daniel Abreu de Azevedo. 2020. “Governança metropolitana no contexto latino-americano: estratégias e potencialidades da pesquisa em Geografia Política.” Geouerj, no. 36: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.12957/geouerj.2020.48435
Suits, Daniel. 1957. “Use of Dummy Variables in Regression Equations.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 52 (280): 548-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2281705
Sutton, Paul. 2007. “Democracy and Good Governance in Small States.” In Commonwealth Small States. Issues and Prospects, edited by Eliawony Kisanga and Sarah Jane Danchie, 199-217. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848598881-en
Swianiewicz, Paweł. 2010. “If Territorial Fragmentation Is a Problem, Is Amalgamation a Solution? An East European Perspective.” Local Government Studies 36 (2): 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930903560547
Taylor, Peter, and Ron Johnston. 1979. The Geography of Elections. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (TSE). 2016. Certificaciones Digitales Electorales. Consulted in March 2019. https://www.consulta.tse.go.cr/appcdi#/verificador
Wooldridge, Jeffrey. 2012. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. 5th editions. Mason, oh: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Veenendaal, Wouter. 2013. “Size and Personalistic Politics: Characteristics of Political Competitiveness in Four Microstates.” The Round Table 102 (3): 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2013.794582
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Voda, Petr, Petra Svačinová, Andrea Smolková, and Stanislav Balík. 2017. “Local and More Local: Impact of Size and Organization Type of Settlements Units on Candidacy.” Political Geography 59: 24-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.010
Cómo citar
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Descargar cita
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Autor - Revista
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía es publicada por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y está licenciada bajo los términos de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional License.
