A DFT study on Dichloro{(E)-4-dimethylamino-N′-[(pyridin-2 yl)methylidene-κN]benzohydrazide-κO}M2+ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni and Co) complexes: Effect of the metal over association energy and complex geometry

Un estudio DFT en complejos Dicloro {(E) -4-dimetilamino-N '- [(piridin-2 il) metilideno-κN] benzohydrazide-κO} M2 + (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co): efecto del metal sobre la energía de asociación y de geometría del complejo

The molecular geometry of (E)-4-dimethylamino-N′-[(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene- N]benzohydrazide (C₁₅H₁₆N₄O) complexed with M²⁺ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca and Co) ions were calculated, using density functional theory (B3LYP) with 6-31G(d, p) basis set. Vibrational frequencies were computed in order to verify the absence of imaginary vibrational frequencies, fact that confirms the global minimum in geometry optimization. Molecular geometry parameters (bond lengths and angles) for Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ complexes were compared with crystallographic data previously reported, showing good correlation. Binding energies for all complexes were computed at B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) level of theory. These calculations indicate that Cu-L is the lowest favorable complex, Cu²⁺ corresponds to the smallest cation on the present study. In the other hand, Ca-L, one of the less favorable complex, corresponds to the biggest cation analyzed in the present study. Molecular orbital analysis was carried out showing variations in energy differences between HOMO-LUMO values in function of the metallic ion employed.

La geometría molecular de la (E)-4-dimetilamino-N′-[(piridin-2-il)metilideno- N]benzohidrazida (C₁₅H₁₆N₄O) acomplejada con iones M²⁺ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co) se calculó usando la teoría funcional de densidad (B3LYP) empleando un conjunto de bases 6-31G(d, p). Las frecuencias vibracionales fueron calculadas con el propósito de comprobar la ausencia de frecuencias vibracionales imaginarias, hecho que confirma el mínimo global en la optimización de la geometría. Los parámetros de la geometría molecular (longitudes de enlace y ángulos) para los complejos de Cu²⁺ y Zn²⁺ fueron comparados con datos cristalográficos previamente reportados, mostrando una buena correlación. Las energías de asociación para todos los complejos fueron determinadas a un nivel de teoría B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) mostrando que el complejo menos favorable es Cu-L, correspondiente al catión más pequeño del estudio. Por otro lado Ca-L, uno de los menos estables, corresponde al catión más grande analizado. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de orbitales moleculares en el cual los complejos exhibieron diferentes valores de diferencia de energía HOMO-LUMO en función del metal empleado.

Doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v45n3.57351

A DFT study on Dichloro {(E)-4-dimethylamino-N'-[(pyridin-2-yl) methylidene_KN] benzohydrazide-_k0}M²⁺ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca and Co) complexes: Effect of the metal over association energy and complex geometry

Un estudio DFT en complejos Dicloro {(E)-4-dimetilamino-N'-[(piridin-2-il) metilideno-_KN] benzohidrazida-_K0} M²⁺ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co): efecto del metal sobre la energía de asociación y la geometría del complejo

Um estudo DFT nos complexos Dicloro {(E)-4-dimetilamino-N'-[(piridin-2-il) metilideno -_KN] benzohidrazida-_K0} M²⁺ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co): efeito do metal sobre a energia de associação e a geometria do complexo

Gustavo Gutiérrez¹, Mónica A. Gordillo², Manuel N. Chaur^2,*

¹ Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Icesi, Cali-Colombia
² Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A.A., 25360 Cali-Colombia.
^* Autor para correspondencia: manuel.chaur@correounivalle.edu.co

Article citation:
Gutiérrez, G.; Gordillo, M. A.; Chaur, M. N. A DFT study on Dichloro {(E)-4-dimethylamino-N'-[(pyridin-2-yl) methylidene-KN] benzohydrazide-KO}M²⁺ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca and Co) complexes: Effect of the metal over association energy and complex geometry Rev. Colomb. Quim. 2016, 45 (3), 28-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v45n3.57351.

Recibido: 10 de Mayo de 2016. Aceptado: 8 de Septiembre de 2016.

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Abstract

The molecular geometry of (E)-4-dimethylamino-N'-[(pyridin-2yl)methylidene-_kN]benzohydrazide (C₁₅H₁₆N₄O) complexed with M²+ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca and Co) ions was calculated, using density functional theory (B3LYP) with 6-31G(d, p) basis set. Vibrational frequencies were computed in order to verify the absence of imaginary vibrational frequencies, fact that confirms the global minimum in geometry optimization. Molecular geometry parameters (bond lengths and angles) for Cu²+ and Zn²+ complexes were compared with crystallographic data previously reported, showing good correlation. Binding energies for all complexes were computed at the B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) level of theory. These calculations indicate that Cu-L is the lowest favorable complex, Cu²+ corresponds to the smallest cation on the present study. On the other hand, Ca-L, one of the less favorable complex, corresponds to the largest cation analyzed in the present study. Molecular orbital analysis was carried out showing variations in ΔE _HOMO-LUMO values as a function of the metallic ion employed.

Keywords: Hydrazones, Binding energies, Single-Point, DFT, complexes.

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Resumen

La geometría molecular de la (E)-4-dimetilamino-N'-[(piridin-2-il) metilideno-_kN] benzohidrazida (C₁₅H₁₆N₄O) acomplejada con iones M²+ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co) se calculó usando la teoría funcional de densidad (B3LYP) empleando un conjunto de bases 6-31G(d, p). Las frecuencias vibracionales fueron calculadas con el propósito de comprobar la ausencia de frecuencias vibracionales imaginarias, hecho que confirma el mínimo global en la optimización de la geometría. Los parámetros de la geometría molecular (longitudes de enlace y ángulos) para los complejos de Cu²+ y Zn²+ fueron comparados con datos cristalográficos previamente reportados, mostrando una buena correlación. Las energías de asociación para todos los complejos fueron determinadas a un nivel de teoría B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) mostrando que el complejo menos favorable es Cu-L, correspondiente al catión más pequeño del estudio. Por otro lado Ca-L, uno de los menos estables, corresponde al catión más grande analizado. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de orbitales moleculares en el cual los complejos exhibieron diferentes valores de ΔE _HOMO-LUMO en función del metal empleado.

Palabras clave: hidrazona, energía de asociación, SPE, DFT, complejos.

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Resumo

A geometria molecular da (E)-4-dimetilamino-N'-[(piridin-2-il) metilideno-_kN] benzohidrazida (C₁₅H₁₆N₄O) acomplexada com íons M²+ (M=Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca y Co) foi calculada usando a teoria funcional da densidade (B3LYP) utilizando um conjunto de bases 6-31G(d, p). As frequências vibracionais foram calculadas com o objetivo de comprovar a ausência de frequências vibracionais imaginárias, fato que confirma o mínimo global na otimização da geometria. Os parâmetros da geometria molecular (longitudes de enlace e ângulos) para os complexos de Cu²+ y Zn²+ foram comparados com dados cristalográficos previamente reportados e mostraram boa correlação. As energias de associação para todos os complexos foram determinadas ao nível de teoria B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) mostrando que o complexo menos favorável é Cu-L, correspondente ao cátion mais pequeno do estudo. Por outro lado Ca-L, um dos menos estáveis, corresponde ao cátion mais grande analisado. Foi feita uma análise de orbitais moleculares no qual os complexos exibiram diferentes valores de ΔE _HOMO-LUMO em função do metal utilizado.

Palavras-Chave: hidrazona, associação de energia, SPE, DTF, complexos.

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Introduction

Calculations

Hydrazones are compounds with interesting properties in various research fields such as pharmacology (1-3) antibiotics (4), analytical purposes (J) among others (6-7). In this particular case, the interest is specially focused on the multiple hydrazones dynamics that are important features to the configurational dynamics (imine bond) and the ability to coordinate (terpyridine-like). These characteristics confer applicability in the development of molecular machines and systems for information storage (8-9). Pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, aroyl or acyl hydrazone derivatives exhibit thermal or photo-induced reversible E/Z isomerization where the Z-isomer is in a thermodynamic metastable state stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond (10-12). Additionally, the terpyridine-like framework of most hydrazones allows them to coordinate metal centers (9, 13). Induced isomerization and metal coordination constitute configurational changes in the short term. Reversible chemical identity modifications are available as well and represent constitutional dynamics, which are especially useful for long-term information storage applications (14).

Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods have been widely used for calculating molecular optimized geometries and spectral properties, for instance NMR (1J), UV (16), IR (17) and Raman (18), with good correlations with those obtained experimentally. In this sense, one of the most widely used method in computational chemistry is the Becke's three-parameter hybrid (19) and Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional (B3LYP ) (20). This method has proven to be an especially useful approach in the computational study of inorganic (21) and organometallic complexes (22), as well as organic compounds. For instance, in a previous work it was found good correlation between the experimental data of a 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde derivative and its computed results at two levels of theory (12).

Typically, DFT studies may or may not use diffuse s and p functions for non-hydrogen (6-31G+) atoms and also hydrogen atoms (6-31G++), but the use of d-polarization functions at least for non-hydrogen atoms (6-31G (d)) (23) in organic systems seems mandatory in order to obtain reasonable accuracy; the use of basis that employ polarization functions for all atoms (6-31G (d, p)) is common (24, 2J).

Furthermore, Sangeetha et al. (26) reported the crystal structure and other spectral properties of (E)-4-dimethylamino-N'-[(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]benzohydrazide copper (II) complex. Previously, the crystal structure of the same ligand participating in a Zn (II) complex was reported by this research group (27). Nevertheless, as far as it is known, there are no theoretical studies for the titled complexes reported in literature. In that way, in order to understand the effect of metallic ion over complex properties, the full-optimized geometric parameters of the titled ligand (C15H16N4O) uncomplexed and associated with four transition metallic ions in the ground state, association energies, and Highest Occupied- and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) energy gaps were calculated. In this order of ideas, improving the comprehension about complex formation may lead to the development of coordination brakes capable of performing a controlled movement or result in the rational use of certain metal ions in dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Therefore, these results may show the possible use of this kind of complexes in supramolecular structures with specific applications among them in metalo-supramolecular chemistry, coordination polymers based on hydrazones and molecular machines.

Calculations

Molecular geometries of the free ligand and its M²+ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ca and Co) complexes in the ground state were optimized by DFT:B3LYP method with 6-31G (d, p) basis set. Theoretical IR spectra were computed at the same level of theory to confirm the absence of imaginary frequencies, and single-point energy calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-31G++ (d, p) employing Gauss View 5 as a graphic interface (28) and Gaussian 09W64 (29) for running the calculations. Binding energies were calculated as described by Lee (30) using equation [1].

where E_complex is the single-point energy (SPE) of the complex, E_M²⁺ is the computed SPE for the chloride salt of each metal and E_C15H₁₆N₄O is the ligand SPE.

Results and discussion

The crystal morphology of 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde-4-dimethylaminobenzoylhydrazone is monoclinic with space group P2_1/c and it is presented as an ethanolic solvate with cell dimensions a = 6.670 (4) Å, b = 29.778 (3) Å, c = 8.010 (2) Å and V = 1575.96 Å3 (31). The optimized geometry was calculated at the DFT: B3LYP / 6-31G (d, p) level of theory with a good theoretical-experimental correlation, the relative error was lower than 2.7% for both, bond lengths and angles.

On the one hand, the crystal structure of the copper complex is monoclinic with an space group C/2c and cell dimensions a = 19.849 (3) Å, b = 17.675 (2) Å, c = 11.876 (2) Å and V = 3386.91 Å3 (26). Likewise, the zinc complex exhibits a monoclinic geometric structure with an space group P2_1/c and cell dimensions a = 19.849 (3) Å, b = 13.586 (5) Å, c = 7.598 (9) Å and V = 1670.36 Å3 (27). Since there are no crystallographic reports for the aforementioned ligand complexed with more metals than copper and zinc, theoretical-experimental correlation is only possible for the mentioned metals; correlation graphs of selected geometrical parameters are shown in Figure 1.

Accordingly, linear regression is an useful tool in comparative studies of two set of data where the slope is a proportion between response variation and input variables, thus, a perfect correlation would have a slope equal to one. Higher or lower values represent over or underestimation of the calculated values regarding the experimental data, respectively. The intercept is, by definition, the value of the response variable when the input is equal to zero, hence, negative or positive intercept values represent quantitatively the over- or underestimation of calculations.

Finally, R² values provide the percentage of response variability that is explained by the variation of the independent variable, thus, the difference between R² value and one represents an indirect measure of random error (32). In that way, the calculations in this research are slightly overestimated for bond angles and bond lengths in the zinc complex and underestimated in the copper complex. The latter showed the higher random error.

The biggest discrepancies for both complexes are related with the angle and length of the chlorine-metal bond. This error is explained by the high influence of intermolecular interactions in solid phase, neglected in these computational calculations, which assume an isolated molecule in the gas phase; N-H-Cl along [001] direction stacking.

Therefore, we excluded the aforementioned bonds in error rate calculations. On the one hand, copper complex showed acceptable average errors of 1.12 and 1.46% for bond lengths and angles respectively. On the other hand, zinc complex report 0.83 and 0.66% for bond lengths and angles, respectively.

Results from SPE calculations were performed at DFT: B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p) level of theory for the full-optimized geometries of the titled ligand, the ligand complexed with zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, iron, calcium and cobalt, and the chloride of each metal without restrictions, as well as metallic center geometry parameters are presented below in Table 1. The optimized structure of each complex along with the ORTEP representation of the zinc complex's structure is shown in Figure 2.

Association energy results showed that the most favorable complex formation is the one formed between the ligand and manganese (II) (-74.8 kcal/mol) while the less favorable complexes are those formed with Copper and Zinc 2+ ions (-25.8 and -26.2 kcal/mol, respectively). Noteworthily, figures 2A and 2B show that although Cu²+ and Zn²+ ions are capable of fitting in the N-N-O pocket of the ligand, the small size of these ions results in longer distances between the metal cations and atoms, from the ligand, participating in the coordination framework.

Ca²⁺ is the largest ion under the present study and, as observed in figure 2C, is too voluminous fit in the N-N-O pocket inducing again longer distances, decreasing the efectiveness of interaction and therefore the complex stability in both cases. Nickel (II) complex showed a particular behavior since exhibits the less N₁-N₂-O₁ angle while N₁-MO₁ angle and the N₂-M, O₁-M and N₂-M distances are comparable to other complexes (Co, Fe or Mn, i. e.) indicating an especial structural modification of the ligand closing the N₁-O distance, probably to promoting the interaction ligand-metal.

Since HOMO-LUMO is mainly a mathematical model that represents electronic density around atoms and not directly experimentally observable parameters, usually they are physically explained as the ionization potential and electron affinity, respectively. However, HOMO-LUMO energy gap and other interactions between both molecular orbitals studied in Frontier Molecular Orbitals Theory (FMOT) are important for chemical reactivity of molecular systems. As observed in figure 3 the ligand and the zinc complex HOMO-FUMO transitions are characterized by a subtle electronic displacement from the phenyl-hydrazone moiety to the pyridine ring. In contrast, other complexes have the HOMO localized at the metallic center and their HOMO-LUMO transitions are characterized by an electronic displacement towards the phenyl-hydrazone and pyridine ring moieties, this is specially observed for the copper complex.

Conclusions

Optimized geometries of the titled ligand and their respective complexes of seven metallic 2+ ions (Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Ca and Co) were calculated and compared with crystallographic reports for the ligand, zinc and copper complexes with good theoretical-experimental correlation.

The main discrepancy between crystal and calculated structures was found in the chloride-metal-chloride geometry due to computed geometries that were carry out in gas phase for an isolated molecule, approach that neglects intermolecular interactions observed in the solid state structure (N-H ^... Cl along [001] direction stacking, i. e.). Association energy calculations showed that the most favorable complex formation occurs in presence of Mn²+ while Zn²+, Ca²+ and Cu²+ are the less favorable complexes.

Acknowledgments

We greatly thank to Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones and Centro de Excelencia en Nuevos Materiales (CENM) from Universidad del Valle for their generous financial support.

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