Publicado

2011-01-01

Los desórdenes del lenguaje: de las neurociencias a la neurorehabilitación

Language disorders: from neuroscience to neurorehabilitation

Palabras clave:

lenguaje, afasia, neurociencias, rehabilitación. (es)

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Autores/as

  • Janeth Hernández Jaramillo Profesora principal de carrera y miembro del Grupo de Investigación Rehabilitación e Inclusión Social de la Persona con Discapacidad de la Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad del Rosario.
  • Manuel Guillermo Uribe Granja Facultad de Medicina Universidad Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario- Hospital de San José. Coordinador de la Línea de Neurotoxicología del Grupo de Neurociencias- NEUROS- de la Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad del Rosario.
El propósito de este texto es revisar una serie de referentes concluyentes de la investigación en neurociencias y derivar un fundamento para la intervención en los desórdenes de la comunicación con origen neurológico. La evidencia sobre los desenlaces de recuperación de las alteraciones neurocomunicativas señala que es difícil predecir, a largo plazo, la funcionalidad de un paciente con lesión cerebral. A pesar de que el curso de la recuperación de los desórdenes de origen neurológico del habla y el lenguaje es diferente atendiendo a la naturaleza, extensión y localización de la lesión, existe evidencia que cerca del 80% de los pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido muestran mejoría importante entre las 10 y 22 semanas posteriores a la lesión. El patrón de recuperación no permite predecir los progresos en razón del tiempo; dado que diversos tipos de plasticidad tienen lugar en diferentes estadios de las lesiones neurológicas. La evidencia neurocientífica señala la existencia de variables relacionadas con la neurorehabilitación y la recuperación de las alteraciones neurocomunicativas, susceptibles de ser manipuladas tales como: el tiempo, la intensidad, la cantidad del tratamiento y otras variables de la intervención, así como las propias condiciones neurales; de la misma manera se han identificado variables de resultado del proceso de neurorehabilitación relacionadas con la adquisición, la generalización, el mantenimiento, la interferencia y los efectos de la neurobiología que soporta los comportamientos cognoscitivolingüísticos.
This manuscript has been aimed at reviewing a series of conclusive referents in neuroscience research thereby deriving a basis for intervention in neurological communication disorders. Evidence regarding recovery outcomes following alterations in neurocommunication suggests that it is difficult to predict the long-term functionality of a patient suffering a cerebral lesion. In spite of the course of recovery regarding speech and language in neurological disorders being different depending on the nature, extent and location of the lesion, some evidence suggests that around 80% of patients suffering cerebral damage have shown important improvement 10 to 22 weeks after such lesion. The recovery pattern does not allow progress to be predicted regarding time given that different types of plasticity dominate during neurological lesions' different stages. Neuroscientific evidence has pointed to the existence of variables related to neurorehabilitation and the recovery of neurocommunication alterations which are susceptible to being manipulated such as time, intensity, amount of treatment and other variables regarding intervention, as well as the neural conditions themselves. Likewise, variables have been identified as a result of neurorehabilitation related to acquisition, generalization, maintenance, interference and the effects of neurobiology supporting cognitive-linguistic behaviour.

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Hernández Jaramillo, J., & Uribe Granja, M. G. (2011). Los desórdenes del lenguaje: de las neurociencias a la neurorehabilitación. Revista De La Facultad De Medicina, 59(1), 56-67. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revfacmed/article/view/20632

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Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 Unported.

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