Bebidas energizantes: ¿Hidratantes o estimulantes?
Energy drinks: rehydrating agents or stimulants?
Palabras clave:
bebidas, cafeína, taurina, efectos adversos (es)beverages, caffeine, taurine, adverse effects (en)
Antecedentes. Las bebidas energizantes tienen amplia distribución, su consumo ha aumentado debido al fácil acceso, sus propiedades estimulantes y a las características de inocuidad que se les atribuyen. El poco conocimiento de sus características lleva a confusión con las bebidas hidratantes usándolas de forma indiscriminada, aunque las bebidas hidratantes buscan prevenir la deshidratación y las energizantes tienen un efecto estimulante.
Objetivo. Describir los componentes de las bebidas energizantes y analizar los efectos, reacciones indeseables y precauciones frente a su uso.
Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en Pubmed con los términos MeSH: "caffeine" OR "taurine" OR "gluconates" en combinación con el término "energy drinks" con especificadores encontrando 42 artículos, se analizaron los resúmenes y se incluyeron 29 artículos.
Resultados. Las bebidas energizantes se componen de metilxantinas, carbihodratos, taurina, vitaminas y/o guaraná. La mayoría de los efectos estimulantes son a expensas de las altas concentraciones de metilxantinas como la cafeína. Estas altas concentraciones aumentan el riesgo de intoxicación y dependencia a la cafeína. Se han reportado casos de arritmias, infartos cardíacos, exacerbación de sintomatología psiquiátrica y presencia de crisis convulsivas asociadas a su consumo. Además, la mezcla con alcohol aumenta los daños relacionados con la intoxicación alcohólica. Por los efectos diuréticos y cardiovasculares no se recomiendan en deportistas.
Conclusiones. Se evidencia que los componentes de las bebidas energizantes no son completamente inocuos. Aunque no se conocen los efectos crónicos, la literatura advierte el daño a la salud que puede producirse con la ingesta aguda fuerte o con el consumo frecuente. Es necesario implementar medidas dirigidas a informar las consecuencias de estas sustancias y restringir su consumo en poblaciones de riesgo.
Background. Energy drinks can be found almost everywhere; their consumption has increased due to ease of access to them, their stimulant properties and the idea that they are harmless. Scarce knowledge about their characteristics has led to them being confused with rehydrating drinks and thus their indiscriminate use, even though rehydrating drinks seek to prevent dehydration and energy drinks have a stimulant effect.
Objective. Describing energy drinks' components and analysing their effects, undesired reactions and precautions regarding their use.
Materials and methods. The literature in Pubmed was reviewed using the MeSH terms «caffeine» OR «taurine» OR «gluconates» combined with the term «energy drinks» with specifiers, 42 articles being found. The summaries were analysed and 29 articles were included in the study.
Results. Energy drinks contain methylxanthines, carbohydrates, taurine, vitamins and/or guaraná (caffeine source from an Amazon region berry). Most stimulant effects happen at the expense of high concentrations of methylxanthines such as caffeine. Such high concentrations increase the risk of poisoning and caffeine dependence. Cases of arrhythmia, heart attack, exacerbation of psychiatric symtomatology and convulsions associated with their consumption have been reported. Furthermore, mixing them with alcohol increases alcohol poisoning-related damage. They are not recommended for sportspeople due to their diuretic and cardiovascular effects.
Conclusions. It has been shown that energy drink components are not completely innocuous. Even though their chronic effects remain unknown, the literature does warn about the damage to health which could be caused by strong acute consumption or frequent consumption. Measures must thus be implemented which are aimed at broadcasting the consequences of these substances and restricting their consumption by atrisk populations.
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