William Dean Howells y Elizabeth Stuart Phelps: masculinidad, feminidad y representaciones literarias del matrimonio. Estados Unidos, 1870-1880
William Dean Howells and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps: Masculinity, Femininity and the Literary Representations of Marriage. United States, 1870-1880
William Dean Howells e Elizabeth Stuart Phelps: masculinidade, feminilidade e representações literárias do casamento. Estados Unidos, 1870-1880
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v49n1.98766Palabras clave:
feminidad, género, masculinidad, matrimonio, representación literaria, siglo XIX (es)19th century, femininity, gender, marriage, masculinity, literary representation (en)
casamento, feminilidade, gênero, masculinidade, representação literária, século XIX (pt)
Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la dimensión simbólica de las tensiones de género que se desarrollaron en Estados Unidos en el periodo de 1870 a 1880, cuando las esferas de lo público y lo privado habían comenzado a desdibujarse. Metodología: se comparan las representaciones literarias del matrimonio en las novelas Their Wedding Journey (1872) de William Dean Howells y The Story of Avis (1877) de Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, relacionando los personajes femeninos y masculinos y sus preocupaciones en torno al matrimonio con el contexto histórico de las obras. Originalidad: estas novelas no han sido estudiadas en años recientes, aun cuando su contenido resulta valioso para examinar tanto la estructura de sentimiento de la época respecto al género, como las luchas simbólicas de los autores en un contexto de crisis de la feminidad y la masculinidad. Conclusiones: esta investigación revela que la pertenencia sexual de los autores determinó su relación con el género como estructura de distribución del poder y fungió como principio de separación cultural, por lo que cada uno trató de incidir en el ordenamiento de la estructura social desde su forma propia de ser en el mundo: Dean Howells abordó la identidad femenina como complemento de una noción específica de masculinidad, mientras que Stuart Phelps participó en el proceso de creación de la conciencia feminista.
Objective: This article aims to analyze the symbolic dimension of the gender tensions that took part in the United States in the period from 1870 to 1880 when the public and private spheres began to blur. Methodology: It compares the literary representations of marriage in the novels Their Wedding Journey (1872) writen by William Dean Howells and The Story of Avis (1877) writen by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, relating the female and male characters as well as their concerns about marriage with the historical context of the novels. Originality: These novels have not been studied in recent years, even though their content is valuable to examine both the sentimental structure of the time regarding gender and the symbolic struggles of the authors in a context of a crisis of femininity and masculinity Conclusions: This research shows that the sexual belonging of both authors determined their relationship with gender as a structure for the distribution of power and served as a principle of cultural separation, hence each one tried to influence the ordering of the social structure from their own form of being in the world: Dean Howells approached female identity as a complement of a specific notion of masculinity, while Stuart Phelps contributed in the process of creating feminist consciousness.
Objetivo: o artigo analisa a dimensão simbólica das tensões de gênero que se desenvolveram nos Estados Unidos no período de 1870 a 1880, quando as esferas pública e privada começaram a se confundir. Metodologia: comparam-se as representações literárias do casamento nos romances Your Wedding Journey (1872) de William Dean Howells e The Story of Avis (1877) de Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, relacionando as personagens femininos e masculinos, e suas preocupações sobre o casamento com o contexto histórico das obras. Originalidade: essas novelas não foram estudadas nos últimos anos, embora seu conteúdo seja valioso para examinar tanto a estrutura de sentimento da época em relação ao gênero, quanto as lutas simbólicas dos autores em um contexto de crise de feminilidade e masculinidade. Conclusões: esta investigação revela que o pertencimento sexual dos autores determinava sua relação com o gênero como estrutura de distribuição de poder e servia como princípio de separação cultural, pelo que cada um tentou influir no ordenamento da estrutura social a partir de seu modo de ser no mundo: Dean Howells abordou a identidade feminina como complemento a uma noção específica de masculinidade, enquanto Stuart Phelps participou do processo de criação da consciência feminista.
Referencias
I. Fuentes primarias
Publicaciones periódicas
Revistas
American Ladies’ Magazine (1834)
Documentos impresos y manuscritos
Alcott, William. The Young Man’s Guide. Boston: Lilly Wait & Co., 1833. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89038316469&view=1up&seq=48&skin=mobile.
Clarke, Edward H. Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls. Boston: James R. Osgod and Company, 1873. https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/h702qk13g.
Dean Howells, William. Their Wedding Journey. Edimburgo: D. Douglas, 1892.
Graham, Sylvester. A Lecture to Young Men on Chastity. Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians. Londres: Strange, Paternoster Row, 1843. https://archive.org/details/b28738639/page/n5/mode/2up.
Stuart Phelps, Elizabeth, The Story of Avis. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1877.
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