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The past, present and near future of materials for use in biodegradable orthopaedic implants
Pasado, presente y futuro cercano de los materiales para uso en implantes óseos biodegradables
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v31n2.23471Keywords:
biomaterial, orthopaedic implant, biodegradability, bone regeneration. (en)biomateriales, implantes ortopédicos, biodegradabilidad, regeneración ósea. (es)
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The aim of bone replacement or fracture treatment methodologies is to induce tissue regeneration respecting anatomy and try to recover functionality. This goal was initially achieved in the 17th century by using animal or human grafts and several medical devices made of natural and synthetic materials are currently used having a whole range of chemical and physical properties. Research in this field continues to seek a solution to the disadvantages usually found when using grafts: immunological reactions, the risk of microbiological contamination, the absence of donors, the need for several surgical interventions and the risk of disease transmission. Basic and applied research must thus be carried out not only in the development of biology and studies about embryonic stem cells but also in the field of new material development. This tendency may be clearly detected by looking at the vast numbers of studies related to using metallic, polymer and ceramic materials and, at present, compound or hybrid materials having potential use in orthopaedic implants. Most of them fulfil conditions regarding biocompatibility and non-toxicity and could be considered when designing biodegradable materials thereby making it feasible to identify a range of research subjects on biomaterials. This paper starts by identifying material development periods and then establishes the advantages and disadvantages of groups which have been considered for bone regeneration and identifies some guidelines which should be taken into account in the field of biodegradable materials in the near future. There is still a long way to go in this subject, especially regarding the field of materials science and technology
El manejo de fracturas y defectos óseos procura la regeneración del tejido óseo respetando su anatomía y buscando recuperar su funcionalidad. El logro de este objetivo se inició en el siglo XVII con el uso de injertos de origen animal o humano, y ha llegado en la actualidad al uso de implantes, dispositivos elaborados en materiales naturales o sintéticos que comportan una gran variedad de propiedades químicas, físicas y biológicas. Las investigaciones en el área continúan encaminándose a la solución de los inconvenientes que presentan los injertos: las reacciones inmunológicas, los riesgos de contaminación, la ausencia de donantes, la necesidad de varias intervenciones quirúrgicas y el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades. Es por ello que, tanto la investigación básica como aplicada, se han encaminado de igual forma en el ámbito de la biología del desarrollo e investigación con células madre, como en el campo del exploración de nuevos biomateriales. Esta tendencia es evidente al observar los numerosos estudios en relación con el uso de materiales metálicos, poliméricos, cerámicos y, en la actualidad, de los materiales compuestos o híbridos con uso potencial en implantes ortopédicos. Muchos de estos materiales, al cumplir con condiciones de biocompatibilidad y toxicidad, pueden ser usados en el diseño de materiales biodegradables y son el elemento de partida para el surgimiento de numerosas líneas de investigación en biomateriales. En este documento, a partir de la identificación de los períodos de avance en el estudio de biomateriales, se reseñan las bondades y restricciones de estos diferentes grupos que han sido investigados para ser usados en regeneración ósea y se plantean las directrices que a mediano plazo se han de seguir en el campo de los materiales biodegradables, temática en la que hay un extenso camino por recorrer en el ámbito de la ciencia y tecnología de los materiales.
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Copyright (c) 2011 Clara Eugenia Plazas Bonilla, Jairo Ernesto Perilla
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