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Reflexiones en torno a los factores que influyen en la expansión urbana: revisión de metodologías e instrumentos de investigación
Reflections on the Factors that Influence Urban Sprawl: Review of Methodologies and Instruments
Reflexões sobre os fatores que influenciam a expansão urbana: revisão de metodologias e instrumentos de pesquisa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcdg.v31n2.89742Palabras clave:
expansión urbana, migración, planificación urbana, suelo, urbanización (es)expansão urbana, migração, planejamento urbano, solo, urbanização (pt)
sprawl urban, migration, urban planning, land, urbanization (en)
La expansión urbana genera una transformación sin precedentes en el uso de los suelos, por tanto, al no reconocer su dinámica e incidencia en la planificación sustentable, esta se desarrolla sin demasiado control o planificación, lo cual causa alteraciones en los ecosistemas naturales, biodiversidad y dispersión de habitantes en la periferia, entre otros. Se identificaron y analizaron los factores que influyen en la expansión urbana, así como los enfoques metodológicos e instrumentos de investigación mundial. Se utilizó un método de revisión sistemática de literatura, que incluyó un índice de frecuencia de citación mediante cuartiles (Q). Los resultados mostraron diez factores que inciden en la expansión urbana, de los cuales los cuatro principales son: planificación urbana (Q1), uso del suelo (Q1), crecimiento urbano y urbanización (Q2). Se identificaron tres enfoques de investigación: cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos. Los instrumentos de investigación con mayor uso son: la teledetección, los SIG, los métodos estadísticos y los modelos predictivos. Si bien la revisión evidencia una jerarquización de factores que influyen en la expansión urbana, es necesario considerar la gran influencia del mercado en la dinámica de expansión y las políticas neoliberales relacionadas, factores implícitos en estos procesos con grados diferenciales de incidencia en los territorios, pero comunes en el mundo.
Urban sprawl generates an unprecedented transformation in land use; therefore, by not recognizing its dynamics and impact on sustainable planning, it develops without much control or planning, causing alterations in natural ecosystems, biodiversity, dispersion of inhabitants in the periphery, among others. The factors that influence urban sprawl were identified and analyzed, as well as the methodological approaches and research instruments worldwide. A systematic literature review method was used that included a citation frequency index using quartiles (Q). The results showed ten factors affecting urban sprawl; the four main factors being: urban planning (Q1), land use (Q1), urban growth and urbanization (Q2). Three research approaches were identified: quantitative, qualitative and mixed, the most commonly used research tools are remote sensing, GIS, statistical methods, and predictive models. Although the review shows a hierarchy of factors that influence urban expansion, it is necessary to consider the great influence of the market in the dynamics of expansion and related neoliberal policies, factors implicit in these processes with differential degrees of incidence in the territories, but common worldwide.
A expansão urbana gera uma transformação sem precedentes no uso dos solos, portanto, ao não reconhecer sua dinâmica e impacto no planejamento sustentável, desenvolve-se sem muito controle ou planejamento, causando alterações nos ecossistemas naturais, biodiversidade e dispersão de habitantes na periferia, entre outros. Foram identificados e analisados fatores que influenciam a expansão urbana, assim como abordagens metodológicas e ferramentas de pesquisa global. Foi utilizado um método sistemático de revisão de literatura, que incluiu um índice de frequência de citação usando quartis (Q). Os resultados mostraram dez fatores que afetam a expansão urbana, sendo os quatro principais: planejamento urbano (Q1), uso do solo (Q1), crescimento urbano e urbanização (Q2). Foram identificadas três abordagens de pesquisa: quantitativa, qualitativa e mista. As ferramentas de pesquisa mais comumente utilizadas são: a detecção remota, os SIG, métodos estatísticos e os modelos preditivos. Embora a revisão evidencie uma hierarquia de fatores que influenciam a expansão urbana, é necessário considerar a forte influência do mercado na dinâmica de expansão e nas políticas neoliberais relacionadas, fatores implícitos nestes processos com graus diferenciais de incidência nos territórios, mas comuns ao nível global.
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