Repercusiones neurológicas del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS)

Volumen 64,Numero 1, Suplemento SAHOS, Revista de la Facultad de Medicina

Publicado

2017-08-02

Repercusiones neurológicas del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS)

Neurological implications of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

Palabras clave:

Apnea, Trastornos del sueño, Atención, Memoria, Cefalea, Epilepsia. (es)
Apnea, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Attention, Memory, Headache, Epilepsy. (en)

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Autores/as

Marco Venegas-Mariño Somnarum - Bogotá D.C. - Colombia.

Resumen (es)
Resumen (en)

El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es una patología con repercusiones sistémicas frecuentes. Uno de los órganos más afectados es el cerebro, así como el sistema nervioso central, convirtiéndose en un factor de riesgo cerebrovascular independiente de otros factores; este síndrome puede incrementar la frecuencia y severidad de enfermedades primarias del sistema nervioso central como epilepsia y síndromes demenciales.

Un síntoma cardinal del SAHOS es la cefalea, que presenta características específicas; además, existen diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos identificados involucrados en su desarrollo como microdespertares frecuentes con interrupción del sueño, somnolencia diurna secundaria, alteración de la capacidad de atención, concentración, reacción motora, afecto, etc. En conjunto, estos mecanismos afectan otras funciones mentales superiores como el juicio, el raciocinio o la memoria. Factores como hipoxemia, hipercapnia, incremento de la frecuencia cardíaca y presión arterial, secreción de adrenalina, noradrenalina o cortisol durante el sueño contribuyen a la alteración endotelial responsable de enfermedad cerebrovascular.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a pathology with frequent systemic repercussions. One of the most affected organs is the brain, as well as the central nervous system, thus becoming a cerebrovascular risk factor regardless of other factors. This syndrome may increase the frequency and severity of primary central nervous system diseases such as epilepsy and dementia syndromes.

A cardinal symptom of OSAHS is headache, which has specific characteristics; in addition, different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in its development have been identified such as frequent micro-arousals from sleep, secondary daytime sleepiness, altered attention capacity, concentration, motor reaction, affection, among others. Together, these mechanisms affect other higher mental functions including judgment, reasoning or memory. Factors like hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased heart rate and blood pressure, adrenaline secretion, noradrenaline or cortisol during sleep contribute to the endothelial alteration responsible for cerebrovascular disease.

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Citas

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