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Nuevas tecnologías de adsorción y factores de influencia para iones Cd (II) y Pb (II) – una revisión
New adsorption technologies and influence factors for ions Cd (II) and Pb (II) – A review
Novas tecnologias de adsorção e fatores de influência para íons Cd (II) e Pb (II) – uma revisão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v51n3.107361Palabras clave:
Contaminación por metales pesados, Tratamiento ambiental, Tecnologías de adsorción (es)Contamination by heavy metals, Environmental treatment, Adsorptive technologies (en)
Contaminação por metais pesados, Tratamento ambiental, Tecnologias adsortivas (pt)
La contaminación por metales pesados es un problema de salud pública y ambiental; la contaminación por plomo (Pb) y cadmio (Cd) causa graves daños a la salud humana y a los ecosistemas, especialmente a los acuáticos. En vista de este problema, el estudio tiene como objetivo buscar en la literatura investigaciones relevantes sobre tecnologías de adsorción para iones Cd (II) y Pb (II), en aguas superficiales y efluentes industriales. La búsqueda de trabajos se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect e Engineering Village, utilizando los términos “Tecnologías de adsorción”, “Cd (II)”, “Pb (II)”, “Adsorción iónica”, “Medios de influencia” y “Adsorción de Cd (II) y Pb (II)”, y analizados con la ayuda del software Rayyan y el Microsoft Excel. El análisis de los estudios mostró una extensa diversidad de materiales con capacidad adsorbente, como nanocompuestos, aplicación de microorganismos y biomasas vegetales. Entre los materiales adsorbentes destacó el uso de bacterias del género Bacillus sp. y la aplicación de quitosano libre o asociado; los nanocompuestos basados en quitosano mostraron una capacidad de adsorción de hasta el 98% para el ion Pb (II). El uso del macrófito Potamogeton malaianus permite obtener altos resultados en la adsorción de cadmio en agua; por medio de la fitorremediación la adsorción se produce rápidamente (2 h) y logra un equilibrio dinámico en menos de 72 h. La adsorción media para iones Cd (II) es del 94%, con una capacidad de adsorción en equilibrio de 6,29-6,97 mg/kg. Entre los medios de influencia, el pH, la temperatura, la dosis de adsorbente, el tiempo de contacto y la concentración de iones son los principales factores que interfieren en la actividad adsorbente.
Heavy metal contamination is a public and environmental health problem, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination cause serious damage to human health and ecosystems, especially aquatic. In view of this problem, the study aimed to search the literature for relevant research on adsorption technologies for Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions, in surface water and industrial effluents. The search for works took place in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect and Engineering Village, using the terms “Adsorptive Technologies”, “Cd (II)”, “Pb (II)”, “Ion adsorption”, “Means of influence” and “Adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II)”, and analyzed with the help of Rayyan and Microsoft Excel software. The analysis of the studies showed an extensive diversity of materials with adsorbent capacity, such as nanocomposites, application of microorganism, and plant biomasses. Among the adsorbent materials highlighted the use of bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp. and application of chitosan freely or associated, nanocomposites based on chitosan showed adsorptive capacity of up to 98% for Pb ion (II). The use of the macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus allows to obtain high results in the adsorption of cadmium in water, through phytoremediation, adsorption occurs quickly (2 h) and achieves a dynamic equilibrium in less than 72 h. The average adsorption for Cd (II) ions is 94%, with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 6.29-6.97 mg/kg. Among the means of influence, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ion concentration are the main factors that interfere in adsorbent activity.
A contaminação por metais pesados é um problema de saúde pública e ambiental, contaminação por chumbo (Pb) e cadmio (Cd) provocam graves danos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas, principalmente aquático. Em vista dessa problemática, o estudo objetivou buscar na literatura pesquisas relevantes sobre tecnologias de adsorção para íons Cd (II) e Pb (II), em águas superficiais e efluentes industriais. A busca por trabalhos se deu nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect e Engineering Village, com uso dos termos “Tecnologias adsortivas”, “Cd (II)”, “Pb (II)”, “Adsorção de íons”, “Meios de influência” e “Adsorção de Cd (II) e Pb (II)”, e analisados com auxílio do software Rayyan e Microsoft Excel. A análise dos trabalhos demostrou uma extensa diversidade de materiais com capacidade adsorvente, como nanocompósitos, aplicação de microrganismo e biomassas vegetais. Entre os materiais adsorventes de destacou a utilização de bactérias do gênero Bacillus sp. e aplicação de quitosana de forma livre ou associada, nanocompósitos a base de quitosana demostraram capacidade adsortiva de até 98% para íon Pb (II). O uso da macrófita Potamogeton malaianus permite obter altos resultados na adsorção de cádmio em água, através da fitorremediação, a adsorção ocorre rapidamente (2 h) e atinge um equilíbrio dinâmico em menos de 72 h. A adsorção média para íons Cd (II) é de 94%, com uma capacidade de adsorção de equilíbrio de 6,29-6,97 mg/kg. Entre os meios de influência, o pH, temperatura, dosagem do adsorvente, tempo de contato e concentração de íons são os principais fatores que interferem na atividade adsorvente.
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