Publicado

2026-02-09

Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential

Síntesis biogénica de nanopartículas multifuncionales de óxido de zinc a partir de extracto de Rosmarinus officinalis L.: evaluación integral del potencial antibacteriano, antioxidante y antipalúdico

Síntese biogénica de nanopartículas multifuncionais de óxido de zinco utilizando extrato de Rosmarinus officinalis L.: avaliação abrangente do potencial antibacteriano, antioxidante e antimalárico

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766

Palabras clave:

Ecological synthesis, Antibacterial activity, Therapeutic nanoparticles (en)
Síntesis ecológica, Actividad antibacteriana, Nanopartículas terapéuticas (es)
Síntese ecológica, Atividade antibacteriana, Nanopartículas terapêuticas (pt)

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This study reports an eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The extract was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were thoroughly characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy showing a distinctive absorption peak at 372 nm, FT-IR confirms phytochemical capping, XRD reveals hexagonal wurtzite structure with crystallite size of 42.47 ± 1.20 nm, and SEM/EDX exhibits spherical morphology with high purity. The ZnO-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (24.0 ± 0.5 mm at 100 μg/mL) and Escherichia coli (18.0 ± 0.3 mm), outperforming the crude extract. Antioxidant assays, with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a positive control, demonstrated 89.2 ± 2.1% DPPH inhibition (IC50 = 28.4 μg/mL), comparable to ascorbic acid. Notably, ZnO-NPs showed 82.3 ± 3.2% β-haematin inhibition (50 μM), surpassing chloroquine (68.1 ± 2.8%), suggesting antimalarial potential. These findings highlight their potential as multifunctional therapeutic agents with a novel and promising antimalarial application.

Este estudio presenta una síntesis ecológica de nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (ZnO-NPs) utilizando extracto de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. como agente reductor y estabilizante. El extracto se caracterizó mediante FTIR y GC-MS. Las ZnO-NPs biosintetizadas se caracterizaron exhaustivamente mediante espectroscopia UV-Vis, que mostró un pico de absorción característico a 372 nm; FT-IR, que confirmó el recubrimiento fitoquímico; XRD, que reveló una estructura hexagonal de wurtzita con un tamaño de cristalito de 42,47 ± 1,20 nm; y SEM/EDX, que mostró una morfología esférica con alta pureza. Las nanopartículas exhibieron actividad antibacteriana dosis-dependiente contra Staphylococcus aureus (24,0 ± 0,5 mm a 100 μg/mL) y Escherichia coli (18,0 ± 0,3 mm), superando al extracto crudo. Los ensayos antioxidantes, con ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) como control positivo, demostraron una inhibición del DPPH del 89,2 ± 2,1 % (IC50 = 28,4 μg/mL), comparable a la del ácido ascórbico. Cabe destacar que las nanopartículas de ZnO mostraron una inhibición de la β-hematina del 82,3 ± 3,2 % (50 μM), superando a la cloroquina (68,1 ± 2,8 %), lo que sugiere un potencial antipalúdico. Estos hallazgos resaltan su potencial como agentes terapéuticos multifuncionales con indicación para una aplicación antipalúdica novedosa y prometedora.

Este estudo reporta uma síntese ecológica de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco (ZnO-NPs) utilizando extrato da folha de Rosmarinus officinalis L. como agente redutor e estabilizante. O extrato foi caracterizado por FTIR e GC-MS. As ZnO-NPs biossintetizadas foram completamente caracterizadas por espectroscopia UV-Vis apresentando um pico de absorção distinto a 372 nm, FT-IR confirmando o capeamento fitoquímico, XRD revelando estrutura hexagonal wurtzita com um tamanho de cristalito de 42,47 ± 1,20 nm e SEM/EDX exibindo morfologia esférica com elevada pureza. As NPs exibiram atividade antibacteriana dose-dependente contra Staphylococcus aureus (24,0 ± 0,5 mm a 100 μg/mL) e Escherichia coli (18,0 ± 0,3 mm), superando o extrato bruto. Os ensaios antioxidantes, utilizando o ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) como controlo positivo, demonstraram uma inibição de 89,2 ± 2,1% do DPPH (CI50 = 28,4 μg/mL), comparável ao ácido ascórbico. Notavelmente, as NPs de ZnO apresentaram uma inibição de 82,3 ± 3,2% da β-hematina (50 μM), superando a cloroquina (68,1 ± 2,8%), sugerindo potencial antimalárico. Essas descobertas destacam seu potencial como agentes terapêuticos multifuncionais com indicação para uma nova e promissora aplicação antimalárica.

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Cómo citar

IEEE

[1]
R. A. K. Al-Refaia, Z. Shakir Al-Ali, E. Alrikabi, A. A. Alkarimi, y F. M. Alkhatib, «Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential», Rev. Colomb. Quim., vol. 54, n.º 2, pp. 3–12, feb. 2026.

ACM

[1]
Al-Refaia, R.A.K., Shakir Al-Ali, Z., Alrikabi, E., Alkarimi, A.A. y Alkhatib , F.M. 2026. Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential. Revista Colombiana de Química. 54, 2 (feb. 2026), 3–12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766.

ACS

(1)
Al-Refaia, R. A. K.; Shakir Al-Ali, Z.; Alrikabi, E.; Alkarimi, A. A.; Alkhatib , F. M. Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential. Rev. Colomb. Quim. 2026, 54, 3-12.

APA

Al-Refaia, R. A. K., Shakir Al-Ali, Z., Alrikabi, E., Alkarimi, A. A. & Alkhatib , F. M. (2026). Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential. Revista Colombiana de Química, 54(2), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766

ABNT

AL-REFAIA, R. A. K.; SHAKIR AL-ALI, Z.; ALRIKABI, E.; ALKARIMI, A. A.; ALKHATIB , F. M. Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential. Revista Colombiana de Química, [S. l.], v. 54, n. 2, p. 3–12, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/121766. Acesso em: 11 feb. 2026.

Chicago

Al-Refaia, Rana A. K., Zainab Shakir Al-Ali, Eman Alrikabi, Ahmed Ali Alkarimi, y Fatmah M. Alkhatib. 2026. «Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential». Revista Colombiana De Química 54 (2):3-12. https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766.

Harvard

Al-Refaia, R. A. K., Shakir Al-Ali, Z., Alrikabi, E., Alkarimi, A. A. y Alkhatib , F. M. (2026) «Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential», Revista Colombiana de Química, 54(2), pp. 3–12. doi: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766.

MLA

Al-Refaia, R. A. K., Z. Shakir Al-Ali, E. Alrikabi, A. A. Alkarimi, y F. M. Alkhatib. «Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential». Revista Colombiana de Química, vol. 54, n.º 2, febrero de 2026, pp. 3-12, doi:10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v54n2.121766.

Turabian

Al-Refaia, Rana A. K., Zainab Shakir Al-Ali, Eman Alrikabi, Ahmed Ali Alkarimi, y Fatmah M. Alkhatib. «Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential». Revista Colombiana de Química 54, no. 2 (febrero 9, 2026): 3–12. Accedido febrero 11, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/121766.

Vancouver

1.
Al-Refaia RAK, Shakir Al-Ali Z, Alrikabi E, Alkarimi AA, Alkhatib FM. Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract: Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antimalarial Potential. Rev. Colomb. Quim. [Internet]. 9 de febrero de 2026 [citado 11 de febrero de 2026];54(2):3-12. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/121766

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