Publicado

2017-01-01

Magnetita (Fe3O4): Una estructura inorgánica con múltiples aplicaciones en catálisis heterogénea

Magnetite (Fe3O4): An inorganic structure with many applications for heterogeneous catalysis

Palabras clave:

magnetita, Fe3O4, catálisis, química verde, síntesis orgánica (es)
magnetite, Fe3O4, catalysis, green chemistry, organic synthesis (en)

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Autores/as

  • José Gregorio Carriazo Baños Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Virginia Esperanza Noval Lara Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Cristian Ochoa Puentes Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Se describió la intervención del mineral magnetita como catalizador o como soporte catalítico, un material inorgánico con una estructura de espinela inversa (FeFe2O4), en el desarrollo de un número importante de reacciones químicas de interés científico, tecnológico y ambiental. Debido a la necesidad actual de generar procesos químicos eficientes y favorables ambientalmente, la magnetita se ha convertido en un material promisorio en los contextos de la química verde, la química fina y la catálisis heterogénea. Este óxido de hierro se ha estudiado en diversas reacciones: catalizador másico, soporte catalítico de metales y de óxidos metálicos, núcleo de catalizadores tipo core-shell, o modificado mediante el anclaje de organocatalizadores y complejos metálicos. Se discute el desempeño catalítico de estos sistemas basados en magnetita, en reacciones de catálisis asimétrica, ambiental, ácido-base, de óxido-reducción, de síntesis multicomponente y de acoplamiento C-C. Particularmente, dichos catalizadores han mostrado enorme importancia en ciertas reacciones de tipo Sonogashira, Sonogashira–Hagihara, Mannich, Ullman, Knoevenagel, Suzuki-Miyaura y Fenton heterogénea, entre otras. Finalmente, se detallaron algunos usos tecnológicos de la magnetita en el contexto nacional (Colombia) y se intentó localizar geográficamente los depósitos importantes.

This manuscript contains a review on the mediation of magnetite, an inorganic material with an inverse spinel structure (FeFe2O4), being used as either catalyst or catalytic support in many chemical reactions of scientific, technological and environmental interest. Because of current awareness on the efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processes, magnetite has become as a promising material in contexts such as green chemistry, fine chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis. This iron oxide has been used in several reactions as bulk catalyst, catalytic support of either metals or metal oxides, core in catalysts type core-shell, or as solid modified by grafting with organocatalysts and metal complexes. The catalytic performance of these systems has been described in some chemical processes such as: asymmetric catalysis, environmental catalysis, acid-base catalysis, redox reactions, multicomponent synthesis reactions, and those of C-C coupling. Particularly, these catalysts have shown large importance in a variety of reactions: Sonogashira, Sonogashira–Hagihara, Mannich, Ullman, Knoevenagel, Suzuki-Miyaura, and the Fenton heterogeneous reaction, among others. Finally, some technological uses of magnetite in the national context (Colombia) are detailed, and localizing geographically the most important deposits of this mineral in the Colombian region was intended.

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